Essay --

Well, in todays society there atomic number 18 commonly cognize for 105 historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the United States of America present today according to (thurgoodmarshllfund.net, 2012). Historical black institutions are for high learning and to arise African Americans learners. In 1837 the name responsibility mission was to educate freed slaves how to read and write. During the beginning of the 21st century, along with graduates and post graduates degrees, historically mysterious Colleges and universities offer African American students a place to earn logic of identify heritage and community. Historical Black Colleges have many opportunities people does non know nearly such as, when was the first HBCU was founded, what is it purpose, different organizations, and who started it. The first HBCU founded was, Cheney University in Pennsylvania. Cheney University was founded in 1837. All HBCUs around America play a critical intent in the American system of high study. For most of Americas history, African Americans that were seeking a college education could only get it from a HBCU. Today, HBCUs wait one of the surest shipway for an African American, or student of any race, to receive a quality education. Over 100 HBCUs represent just three portion of the nations institutions of higher learning they graduate n ahead of time 20 percent of African Americans who earn undergraduate degrees.Furthermore, HBCUs were created to support African American students and their education but these institutions of higher learning are no longer exclusive for African American students. Now, HBCUs have a significant percentage of non-African American student populations that consist of Asians, Hispanic, international and white American stu... ... public figures. Many of the institutions emphasize the sciences and engineering, encouraging black students to start a career in those professions. In the early 20th Century, with some(prenomi nal) black schools established, leaders such as Booker T. Washington and Dr. W.E.B DuBois debated fiercely the future of African-American education. Washington believed vocational training was the key to stepping up from the slack of poverty and bondage DuBois defended the enlightenment drawn from studying the arts and sciences. In fact, todays Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) incorporate both philosophies, providing students with both proficient training as well as liberal arts education. Historically Black Colleges and Universities, or HBCUs, have played an important role in enriching the lives of non just African Americans, but our entire country.-Ric Keller Essay -- Well, in todays society there are commonly known for 105 historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the United States of America present today according to (thurgoodmarshllfund.net, 2012). Historical black institutions are for higher learning and to educate Africa n Americans students. In 1837 the key responsibility mission was to educate freed slaves how to read and write. During the beginning of the 21st century, along with graduates and post graduates degrees, historically Black Colleges and universities offer African American students a place to earn logic of identify heritage and community. Historical Black Colleges have many opportunities people does not know about such as, when was the first HBCU was founded, what is it purpose, different organizations, and who started it. The first HBCU founded was, Cheney University in Pennsylvania. Cheney University was founded in 1837. All HBCUs around America play a critical role in the American system of higher education. For most of Americas history, African Americans that were seeking a college education could only get it from a HBCU. Today, HBCUs remain one of the surest ways for an African American, or student of any race, to receive a quality education. Over 100 HBCUs represent just three pe rcent of the nations institutions of higher learning they graduate nearly 20 percent of African Americans who earn undergraduate degrees.Furthermore, HBCUs were created to support African American students and their education but these institutions of higher learning are no longer exclusive for African American students. Now, HBCUs have a significant percentage of non-African American student populations that consist of Asians, Hispanic, International and white American stu... ... public figures. Many of the institutions emphasize the sciences and engineering, encouraging black students to start a career in those professions. In the early 20th Century, with several black schools established, leaders such as Booker T. Washington and Dr. W.E.B DuBois debated fiercely the future of African-American education. Washington believed vocational training was the key to stepping up from the mire of poverty and bondage DuBois defended the enlightenment drawn from studying the arts and scienc es. In fact, todays Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) incorporate both philosophies, providing students with both technical training as well as liberal arts education. Historically Black Colleges and Universities, or HBCUs, have played an important role in enriching the lives of not just African Americans, but our entire country.-Ric Keller

The Acceptance of Digital Art Essay -- Art Technology Essays

The Acceptance of Digital Art Digital art has a fifty-year annals of innovation and experimentation with new technology. The Pioneers of digital art were non artists but people who were exploring new visions through computers and the writing of computer programs. According to the Digital Art Museum, which is a joint venture among London Guildhall University and two independent art galleries, digital art can currently be classified according to three phases Phase I of digital art was from 1956-1986. The Paintbox Era, the second phase, lasted from 1986-1996. Art softw are became readily available and attracted more artists to the new media. Especially useful was the paint program and devices such as the electronic scanner and film recorder. Phase III, 1996-2006, is called the Multimedia Era because of the increase in technology and Internet access allowing the digital media artist interactivity with many art forms. The widespread availableness of computers and software has a llowed the digital artist to create distinctive works of art. Digital art is able to combine and transform more traditional types of art such as painting, sculpture, photography, animation and filmmaking. Digital technology allows the artist to create and manipulate color, images, and texture, instantly. Images can be made to appear, disappear and even combine or morph. The proficient aspect of digital art often leads to questioning of whether or not it can be considered art. Digital art has been accepted and embraced by the commercial and entertainment industries for many years, but is finding it much harder to become part of the fine arts community. Digital art has many hurdles to overcome before it go away be fully accepted by the mainstream tradit... ...ises the use of computer technology for creative expression but the main purpose is to create something aesthetically pleasing. If history is any example, then the acceptance of digital media art give be slow. Vinc ent Van Gogh was considered such a poor artist that he could not sell a painting in his lifetime. The Impressionists in general were laughed at and considered to be untalented artists and refused admission in the important galleries and exhibition of their times. Now these artworks sell for millions and are treasured in many museums. Photography has taken 150 years to achieve respectability in the fine art field. This art form confront many of the same problems as digital media art, ease of reproduction, use of new technology, and seeming lack of skill. With art, sometimes only time can tell what will be truly treasured by the next generations.

Quackery :: essays research papers

QuackeryThis year, we Americans will spend billions of dollars on products that do postcode for us - or may level harm us. And well do it for the same reason peoplehave done it since ancient times... We indirect request to believe in miracles. We want tofind simple solutions and shortcuts to better health. Its hard to resist. Allof us, at one time or another, have seen or heard ab come to the fore a product - a new andexotic pill, a device, or potion - that can easily solve our most vexing problem.With this product, were told, we can eat all we want and still lose weight. Wecan grow taller or have bigger breasts. Or we can overcome baldness, age,arthritis, even cancer. It sounds too good to be aline - and it is. But weretempted to raise the product in spite of all we know about modern medical science- or perhaps because of it. After all, more treatments we take for granted todaywere once considered miracles. How can we tell the difference?     Not all advert isements for health products are false, of course. In fact,the vast majority arent .So exclusively what is quackery? Simply put, quackery is thepromotion of a medical remedy that doesnt work or hasnt been proven to work.In modern times, quackery is known as health fraud. But call it quackery or callit health fraud, the result is the same - unfulfilled wishes, wasted dollars,endangered health. Often quack products are fairly easy to spot, like the magicpills you are supposed to take to stay forever young. But sometimes the productsare vaguely based on some medical report that you may even have heard about inthe news. In general, when looking over ads for medicines and medical devices,watch out for those that seem to promise too much too easily. Quack cures rob usof more than money. They can steal health away or even take lives. Quacks maylure the seriously and often desperately ill, such as people suffering fromarthritis and cancer, into buying a bogus cure. When people try quack r emediesinstead of getting effective medical help, their illnesses progress, sometimesbeyond the treatable stage.     Quacks have always been quick to exploit current thinking. The snake-oilsalesmen a few generations can carried an array of "natural" remedies to sellto a public that was still close to the frontier. And today, quacks takeadvantage of the back-to-nature movement, capitalizing on the notion that thereought to be simple, natural solutions to nearly any problem.

Global Positioning System :: Space Satellites Technology Essays

Global Positioning System Did you k like a shot that there be 24 GPS satellites in champaign at this moment? The 24 satellites cost an estimated $12 billion to build and launch. Each satellite weighs about 1,735 lb and takes 12 hours to orbit the Earth once. They atomic number 18 in orbit about 12,500 mi above the Earth. The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978 followed by the launching of the first Block 2 satellite, second extension of GPS satellites, in 1989. GPS stands for Global Positioning System, which is a worldwide radio navigation system. It is a network made up of 24 satellites which orbit the earth and allow for a person to receive information about their location. These satellites will allow to pin point your exact location and calculate your coordinates. Now with the advancement in technology, you can make 6 prizements of where you are to the nearest cen fourth dimensionter. So GPS allows to determine your precise longitude, latitude an d altitude anywhere in the planet. GPS works through handheld GPS units which are easily available anywhere. Nowadays with the advancement in technology they are being used not only in ships and airplanes, but are now built into cars as well. This helps a driver if they get lost. As for the hand held units, they are great for hikers or those who travel on foot or bikes. It fashion be soon before GPS will become as basic as telephones. As mentioned before, there is a network of 24 satellites that orbit the Earth. It is demand to have at least four of them above the horizon. Usually though, there are around eight satellites available. GPS works using these satellites to measure the distances between places by means of radio waves. Distance is calculated by the amount of time taken by signal to travel from satellite to receiver. This time can be calculated using two kinds of clocks. An atomic clock or an quartz clock. An atomic clock would be extremely pre cise for this operation, merely with its high cost it is not feasible to use. So then with its high costs, atomic clocks are only employed in satellites.

Red Badge Of Courage Essay -- essays research papers

The Red Badge of Courage by Stephan Crane traces the effects of war on a UnionSoldier, Henry Fleming, from his dreams of soldiering, to his actual enlistment, and throughseveral battles of the Civil War. Henry Fleming was not happy with his boring manner on the farm. He cherished to function a hero in war and be praised and honored for his glorious achievements inbattle. He knew his mother would not like to see him go to war, but it was his decision to make.He dreamed of the exciting battles of war and the thrill of marching. He didnt want to stay on thefarm living his benign life making rounds and completing chores. He made the final decision toenlist. Once enlisted though, Henry learns the truths of war its dreary, tiring, gruesome, andwell, boring. He finds he spends most of his days with simply zippo to do. He manages tomake friends with two other soldiers, John Wilson and Jim Conklin. John Wilson is a soldier whoprotrudes a boastful, and pragmatic attitude, though he quickly f alones to become a soldier ofcompassion after realizing his own mortality in battle. Wilson was as excited ripe about going to waras Henry, while Jim, the grandiloquent Soldier, was confident about the success of the new regiment. Jim,portrays the tall, confident, veteran soldier, experienced and shows no fear. The death of Jimleads to the downfall of Wilson, having seen that such a wise soldier can be killed, then certainlythe same fate awaited each and every other. After a few days in the regiment, Henry started to realize, that their regiment was rightful(prenominal)wandering aimlessly, going in circles, like a vast blue demonstration. They kept marching onwithout purpose, direction, and without fighting. Through time Henry started to think about thebattles in a different way, a more close and experienced way, he started to become afraid that hemight run from battle when work calls. He felt like a servant doing whatever his superiors toldhim. When the regiment finally disc overs a battle taking place, Jim gives Henry a little parcel in ayellow envelope, telling Henry that this will be his first and last battle. The regiment managed tohold off the rebels for the first charge, but then... ...ens or so every day in every country. Some men are like Henry, lost, almost bored lookingfor something more that will give convey to their life. Some are like Wilson, ready to fight fortheir country, overcome with political pride. Yet again, some are like Jim, older, wiser, andmaybe following paternal footsteps. No matter what the situation, no matter what the era orcentury, no matter who the soldier, you gain an experience not unlike that of Henry. This bookmay not stock the surrender of Robert E. Lee, and may not have been written in the 1860s, butit doesnt take dates and legalities to portray the emotion and truth of the Civil War. StephenCrane did just that and whether or not you are heading off to battle, I recommend this book to teach you how to look insi de to your own immortality and your own fears and strengths- theyreall there, they just need to be realized.

Red Badge Of Courage Essay -- essays research papers

The Red Badge of Courage by Stephan Crane traces the effects of struggle on a UnionSoldier, Henry Fleming, from his dreams of soldiering, to his actual enlist workforcet, and through some(prenominal) battles of the Civil War. Henry Fleming was not happy with his boring life on the farm. Hewanted to become a hero in war and be praised and honored for his glorious achievements inbattle. He knew his mother would not like to see him go to war, but it was his decision to make.He dreamed of the exciting battles of war and the thrill of marching. He didnt want to stay on thefarm living his benign life making rounds and completing chores. He made the final decision toenlist. Once enlisted though, Henry learns the truths of war its dreary, tiring, gruesome, andwell, boring. He finds he spends most of his days with simply nothing to do. He manages tomake friends with two other soldiers, privy Wilson and Jim Conklin. John Wilson is a soldier whoprotrudes a boastful, and pragmatic attitude, though he quickly falls to become a soldier ofcompassion after realizing his own mortality in battle. Wilson was as excited about going to waras Henry, while Jim, the Tall Soldier, was confident about the success of the new regiment. Jim,portrays the tall, confident, veteran soldier, undergo and shows no fear. The death of Jimleads to the downfall of Wilson, having seen that such a wise soldier can be killed, then certainlythe same fate awaited each and every other. After a few days in the regiment, Henry started to realize, that their regiment was justwandering aimlessly, going in circles, like a ample blue demonstration. They kept marching onwithout purpose, direction, and without fighting. Through time Henry started to think about thebattles in a different way, a more last and experienced way, he started to become afraid that hemight run from battle when duty calls. He felt like a servant doing whatever his superiors toldhim. When the regiment finally discovers a battle taki ng place, Jim gives Henry a little packet in ayellow envelope, telling Henry that this will be his first and last battle. The regiment managed tohold off the rebels for the first charge, but then... ...ens almost every day in every country. Some men are like Henry, lost, almost bored lookingfor something more that will give meaning to their life. Some are like Wilson, ready to fight fortheir country, keep down with political pride. Yet again, some are like Jim, older, wiser, andmaybe following paternal footsteps. No matter what the situation, no matter what the era orcentury, no matter who the soldier, you gain an experience not unlike that of Henry. This bookmay not contain the surrender of Robert E. Lee, and may not have been written in the 1860s, butit doesnt take dates and legalities to portray the emotion and truth of the Civil War. StephenCrane did just that and whether or not you are heading off to battle, I recommend this book to teach you how to look inside to your own im mortality and your own fears and strengths- theyreall there, they just need to be realized.

Geneva Conventions Essay

IntroductionNow we live in relatively peaceful time, provided it wasnt always like that. All those wars were bloody, some(a)times even too bloody, so people needed to create some rules. So those rules were created.Four rulers for One calculateNot everybody knows that, unspoilt now there were four treaties, not just one. And even then, they were modified later with three amendment protocols. I will start with a apprize overview. First geneva concourse was follow in 1864 for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. uphold geneva ruler was adopted in 1906 for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea. Third geneva convention was adopted in 1929, and it was related to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Fin onlyy, one-quarter Geneva Convention was adopted in 1949, and it was related to the tax shelter of Civilian Persons in m of War. It collected any points of preliminar y one while adding m any unfermented points. So, when people say about singular Geneva Convention, they usually mean this one. Later is was modified with two protocols in 1977 when modifications were related to the Protection of Victims of multinational Armed Conflicts and the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts.Latest modification was made in 2005 when an Additional Distinctive Emblem was adopted. The Conventions atomic number 18 inextricably linked to the International commissioning of the carmine Cross, which is both the instigator for the inception and enforcer of the articles in these conventions. They changed the world with their aspiration to treasure the rights of non-combatants. This quote is a nice example Protected someones argon authorize, in all circumstances, to respect for their persons,their honour, their family rights, their unearthly convictions and practices, and their manners and customs. They shall, at all times, be humanely treat ed, and shall be protected, especially against all acts of violence or threats so and against insults and public curiosity.Women shall be especially protected against any attack on their honour, in particular against rape, enforced prostitution, or any form of indecent assault. Without disfavour to the provisions relating to their state of health, age and sex, all protected persons shall be treated with the corresponding consideration by the Party to the negate in whose power they be, without any adverse distinction based, in particular, on race, religion or political opinion. However, the Parties to the conflict may take such measures of control and security in weigh to protected persons as may be necessary as a result of the war. member 27, Fourth Geneva Convention (1949)The First Geneva ConventionThe First Geneva Convention, for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, defines the basis on which rest the rules of international law for the p rotection of the victims of armed conflicts. It was adopted in 1864 and then up seed three times. Back then, it was a very critical period for atomic number 63an history, both military and political. Situation in Western Europe was relatively peaceful between the fall of the first Napoleon (the date of Waterloo in 1815) and the rise of Napoleon III (Italian campaign of 1859), but when the conflict in the Crimea took place, powers couldnt maintain peace anymore. Henri Dunant was a man who gave the world topic of creating an international set of laws governing the treatment and care for the hurt and captives of war.He witnessed the Battle of purplish pink in 1859, fought between Austrian and French-Piedmontese armies in Northern Italy. Around forty thousands of soldiers were wounded and left on the battlefield. The reason for that was a lack of violence, facilities, and truces to reveal the soldiers any kind of medical aid. after(prenominal) witnessing all that Dunant decided to act. So, after his return to Geneva Dunant handlingd his membership in the Geneva Society for in the public eye(predicate) Welfare to urge the calling in concert of an international conference to create new rules in terms of war. Other things that Henri Dunant did were publishing his account Un Souvenir de Solferino and helping with foundation of the International Committee ofthe Red Cross in 1863. So, this new Red Cross Committee started to work, with best regards to help people, living in zones of war.Even if it was said that safeguarding the health and physical well-being of people is primarily the duty and responsibility of a nation they are related to, still silent that it wasnt enough and in times of war people would need some voluntary agencies to supplement. Obviously it meant creating official agencies to help people on the battlefields in every country. Last thing that was missing was the list of rules to govern activities of the Red Cross Committee itself and any ot her agencies or companies which were involved.The big date was August 22, 1864. Several European states gathered in Geneva, Switzerland and sign the First Geneva Convention. List of states included Baden (nowadays being a part of Germany), Belgium, Denmark, France, Hesse (also being a part of Germany nowadays), Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Prussia (part of Germany now), Spain, Switzerland, and Wrttemberg (which is also a part of todays Germany). Later, two more countries joined and signed the Convention, which were Norway and Sweden. .The Second Geneva ConventionThe Second Geneva Convention was adopted to protect the human rights of wounded, sick, and shipwrecked soldiers that were found at sea. This act was made because of the growing number of battle ship fleets being make and the mass amounts of war occurring at sea. The First Geneva Convention only covered the wars on land and now it covered international battles at sea. This note of hand extended all rights that a wounded s oldier received from the first convention to soldiers at sea and made it illegal to not take in shipwrecked crewmen. The Second Geneva Convention was an important step considering the First instauration War was soon to come. The Second Geneva Convention was created because of the new threat of capacious naval fleets. The only difference between the First and Second Geneva Conventions is that the Second calls for the protection of human rights of soldiers that are at sea.Because of the future battles at sea, this program proved to be highly necessary in order to make sure no cruelties were occurring over the deep blue sea. This plan was effective but did not cover very many scenarios or occurrences. This addition to the First Convention was necessary and without it, there would have been thousands of more casualties during the two World Wars. So, theConvention was adopted in 1906, right after Russo-Japanese war, and was later updated two times. The actual document contained 63 art icles, covering many aspects related to treating people during the wars, both on the land and on the sea. Now lets look at the most important provisions* Articles 12 and 18 require all parties to protect and care for the wounded, sick, and shipwrecked. * Article 21 allows appeals to be made to neutral vessels to help collect and care for the wounded, sick, and shipwrecked. The neutral vessels cannot be captured. * Articles 36 and 37 protect religious and medical personnel serving on a combat ship. * Article 22 states that hospital ships cannot be used for any military purpose, and owing to their humanistic mission, they cannot be attacked or captured. * Article 14 clarifies that although a warship cannot capture a hospital ships medical staff, it can hold the wounded, sick, and shipwrecked as prisoners of war. It was adopted by 33 countries, including China, France, Germany, Russia, and the United States. However, at the same time it was rejected by Great Britain, Japan and Korea.T he Third Geneva ConventionSo, the trine one of four conventions was mainly related to prisoners of war and their treatment. According to this Geneva Convention no prisoner of war could be forced to disclose to his capturer any discipline other than his identity (i.e., his name and rank, but not his military unit, home town, or address of relatives). Every prisoner of war was entitled to adequate food and medical care and had the right to exchange correspondence and receive parcels. He was required to observe ordinary military discipline and courtesy, but he could elbow grease to escape at his own risk. Once recaptured, he was not to be punished for his attempt. Officers were to receive counterbalance either according to the pay scale of their own country or to that of their captor, whichever was less they could not be required to work. Enlisted men might be required to work for pay, but the constitution and location of their work were not to expose them to danger, and in no ca se could they be required to perform work directly related to military operations.Camps were to be open to inspection by authorized representatives of a neutral power (during World War II, Switzerland and Sweden acted as protecting powers). Article 4defines who could be called prisoner of war. Article 5 specifies that prisoners of war (as defined in article 4) are protected from the time of their capture until their final repatriation. It also specifies that when there is any interrogative sentence whether a combatant belongs to the categories in article 4, they should be treated as such until their precondition has been determined by a competent tribunal. Article 12 states that prisoners of war are the responsibility of the state not the persons who capture them and that they may not be transferred to a state that is not party to the Convention. Articles 13 to 16 state that prisoners of war mustiness be treated humanely without any adverse discrimination and that their medical n eeds must be met. The Convention was signed by 47 governments.Chief among the nations that did not adhere to the Geneva Convention of 1929 were Japan and the USSR. Japan, however, gave a qualified promise (1942) to abide by the Geneva rules, and the USSR proclaimed (1941) that it would observe the terms of the Hague Convention of 1907, which did not provide (as does the Geneva Convention) for neutral inspection of prison camps, for the exchange of prisoners names, and for correspondence with prisoners. So, that could help to change the military position, including time during World War II. The United States and Great Britain mostly honored the Convention and its rules. At the same time, Germany didnt treat all prisoners equally. While American and British prisoners got nifty treatment in Germany, people from Poland got probably the worst possible. The International Red Cross at Geneva tried to collect as much information about prisoners as it could, so situation was under control .The Fourth Geneva ConventionThe Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, also known as The Fourth Geneva Convention, was adopted in 1949. Not only it had many new points, but also points from all previous Geneva Conventions were reviewed and expanded. The actual document consists of four partsPart I. General Provisions. It includes the basic things, like explanation who is a protected person Persons protected by the Convention are those who, at a given moment and in any manner whatsoever, find themselves, in case of a conflict or occupation, in the hands of a Party to the conflict orOccupying Power of which they are not nationals. Document also demands a lawful treatment of noncombatants, soldiers who set(p) down their arms, or wounded, unable to continue the fight, combatants. Part II. General Protection of Populations Against Certain Consequences of War. Here text says about protection of civilians. Important thing is that no kind of discr imination by nationality, race, religion, or political views is appropriate. Part III. Status and Treatment of Protected Persons. This part includes many different things about actions on tenanted territories, like population transfer, care and education of children, destruction of property, medical services, etc.It also includes topic of collective punishment Article 33. No protected person may be punished for an offense he or she has not personally committed. Collective penalties and likewise all measures of intimidation or of terrorism are prohibited. Pillage is prohibited. Reprisals against protected persons and their property are prohibited. Part IV. Execution of the Convention. This part is almost the same in documents of all four conventions and it says that this part contains the formal or diplomatic provisions which it is customary to place at the end of an international Convention to settle the procedure for bringing it into effect are grouped together under this heading. This time the amount of countries signed was even bigger than before, consisting of 194 countries.However, 16 countries didnt sign it those were Aruba, Bouvet Island, Faroe Islands, Guernsey, Heard and Mc Donald Islands, Isle of Man, Jersey, Mayotte, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, bailiwick Authority, Reunion Island, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, and Tibet. Even if the Convention included almost everything that was needed, later it was updated with 3 protocols added as amendments communications protocol I (1977) relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts Protocol II (1977) relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts Protocol III (2005) relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem.Protocol ISo, in 1977 Geneva Convention was updated with two additional protocols added as amendments. It was necessary because since 1949 worldwide weaponry and conditions have changed. Logically, its related to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts. By the moment Protocol I wasratified by governments of 170 countries. The actual document consists of 102 articles. Mostly it just rephrases statements from original Geneva Conventions, but it also includes many new interesting thingsArticles 51 and 54 outlaw indiscriminate attacks on civilian populations, and destruction of food, water, and other materials needed for survival. Indiscriminate attacks include directly attacking civilian (non-military) targets, but also using technology such as biological weapons, nuclear weapons and land mines, whose scope of destruction cannot be limited. A total war that does not distinguish between civilian and military targets is considered a war crime. Articles 56 and 53 outlaw attacks on dams, dikes, nuclear generating stations, and places of worship. The first three are works and installations containing dangerous forces and may be attacked but only in ways that do not threaten to release the dangerous forces (i.e., it is permissible to attempt to capture them but not to try to destroy them).Articles 76 and 77, 15 and 79 provide special protections for women, children, and civilian medical personnel, and provide measures of protection for journalists. Article 77 forbids conscription of children under age 15 into the armed forces. It does allow, however, for persons under the age of 15 to participate voluntarily. Articles 43 and 44 clarify the military status of members of guerrilla forces. Combatant and prisoner of war status is granted to members of dissident forces when under the command of a central authority.Such combatants cannot conceal their allegiance they must be recognizable as combatants while preparing for or during an attack. Article 35 bans weapons that cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering, as well as means of warfare that cause widespread, long-term, and severe damage to the natural environment. Article 85 states that it is a war crime to use one of the protective emblems accept by the Geneva Conventions to deceive the opposing forces (perfidy). Articles 17 and 81 authorize the ICRC, national societies, or other impartial humanitarian organizations to provide assistance to the victims of war.Protocol IIWhile Protocol I was related to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts, Protocol II, also added in 1977, was related to theprotection of non-international armed conflicts. After all those Conventions many rules existed, related to international warfare, but somehow, before the Protocol II was added, nobody thought much about subjective conflicts even though many countries had them. So, even since the last Geneva Convention, some delegates wanted to make laws and set a new bar for minimal humanitarian standards in cases when the situation had all the properties and characteristics of war whilst not being an international conflict.Even before the addition of Protocol II Geneva Conventions o f 1949 had Article 3 related to non-international conflicts winning place in bounds of a single country. However, it wasnt enough. Article 3 had only few basic things to protect victims of non-international conflicts, like * Persons taking no active part in hostilities should be treated humanely (including military persons who have ceased to be active as a result of sickness, injury, or detention). * The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared for.Since Article 3 was too brief and didnt cover many important aspects, many diplomats wanted to clarify it all in a new Protocol and to extend the scope of international law to cover additional humanitarian rights in the context of internal conflicts. However, the cope around this new protocol had two totally different ideas 1) First said that for victim of a conflict there is no difference if that conflict is international or not, so all the distinction for those people can only be artificial.2) And another one said that in case of internal conflict international laws should not apply, meaning that country had all rights to do whatever it wants inside its boundaries. As for now, Protocol 3 had been ratified by governments of clxv countries. Even though The United States was among few countries who just signed the protocol with the intention of ratifying it, the International Committee of the Red Cross made an appeal in 1997, saying that a number of the articles contained in both protocols are recognized as rules of customary international law valid for all states, whether or not they have ratified them.Protocol IIIThe third and the last additional protocol of Geneva Conventions was added in 2005. It was devoted to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem. It was really needed in cases of war for soldiers to know who they should not attack. Actually, the emblem itself was established much earlier, during the first Geneva Convention of 1864. It was really needed, because weapons at those times already w ere quite deadly, and often medics and people of other supporting professions were shot right on the battlefield while trying to help wounded soldiers. So a part of the first Geneva Convention was just right about creating a distinctive emblem for people of those professions.However, it wasnt easy. The first symbol was just a red cross on the white background, but it looked very similar to the Christian Cross. That was the reason why Muslim nations totally rejected it. provided in 1876 the Ottoman Empire introduced another symbol the Red Crescent, as more neutral and less Christian emblem. After that additional emblems were proposed by the Red Cross Society of Eritrea, such as sun of Persia or the red lion. At the same time Magen David Adom of Israel proposed the Red Shield of David as another utility(a) emblem. After all, the world needed the new symbol for medics to be * Neutral and free of religious, cultural or political connotations.Otherwise it would conflict with the whole idea of giving the medical personnel neutral humanitarian status in armed conflicts. * Officially acclaimed. Even if the Red Shield of David was used in some places after Magen David Adoms efforts, it wasnt officially acclaimed by the National Societies. And without membership in one of those people were not eligible for certain protections under the Geneva Conventions. Fortunately a comprehensive solution was found at last with the adoption of Protocol III in 2005.For Magen David Adom there was a nice alternating(a) the Red Crystal, so they shouldve just displayed it in the context of international conflict to have all protection needed. All three emblems are appointed the same legal status, which means they are totally equal. Emblems can have a protective use, as well as an indicative use. Medical and religious personnel may mark themselves, their vehicles, ships and buildings as a sign of their humanitarian mission and protected status under the Geneva Conventions. Members of armed forces can also use it to show thatthey are protected by Geneva Conventions. However, the misuse of the emblem may be considered as a war crime.ConclusionThanks to all these conventions and their protocols, world is safer and more civilized nowadays, even I the times of war. People feel themselves protected, which means better future for all of usBibliographyBooksBernett, Angela. The Geneva Convention The Hidden Origins of the Red Cross. The History Press, Stroud, 2006. Borch, Fred L., and Solis, Gary. Geneva Conventions. Kaplan Publishing, New York City, 2010. Grossman, Dave. On Killing The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society. Back true laurel Books, New York City, 2009. Byers, Michael. War Law Understanding International Law and Armed Conflict. Grove Press, New York City, 2007.Web Siteshttp//supportgenevaconventions.org/. Citizens Interfaith Coalition to Reaffirm and Extend the Geneva Conventions. Dennis Rivers. 11/11/2011. http//en.wikipedia.org/. Gen eva Conventions. Multiple authors. 11/23/2011. http//www.icrc.org/. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols. International Committee of the Red Cross. 11/12/2011.

History of fashion in 1920s

History Of Fashion In The Twenties How the women and fashion changed? In sass fashion history, the initial break with the handed-down styles stemmed from the inspiration drawn from the Aesthetic and Rational Dress Reform Movements of the late 19th century. Exciting theatrical costume designs which broke the rules also pave the way for more relaxed dressing. This was wholly fast forwarded during the war years and led to the major changes in construction of clothes and undergarments for the remainder of the century. Prohibition, the proliferation of farting, and the development of mass media were the hallmarks of the sass.Youth was at a premium because so many young people were killed during the war. As a result, teenagers had a new freedom that they used to usher in the Afro-influenced Jazz age. Clara Bow, Louise Brooks, Rudolf Valentine, and Josephine Baker were popular stars of the time, personifying many of the modern ideals. For women, face, figure, coiffure, posture and groom ing became important fashion factors in addition to clothing. In particular, cosmetics became a major industry. Glamour was at a time an important fashion trend, due to the influence of the motion picture industry and the famous female movie stars.The sass sawing machine the emergence of three major womens fashion magazines Vogue, The Queen, and Harpers Bazaar. Vogue was first published in 1892, nevertheless its up-to-date fashion information did not have a marked impact on womens desires for fashionable garments until the asss. These magazines provided mass exposure for popular styles and fashions. During the early sass, stemlines were at the waist, but were tripping and not fitted. Women wore suits with long hemlines and somewhat full skirts, often with belts at the waist of the Jackets.Dress and suit bodices alike were worn loose, til now baggy. By 923, waistlines began to drop to a extremum between the natural waist and hips, while styles continued to be loose and baggy. In 1924 the waistline dropped to the hip. In 1925, shift type dresses with no waistline emerged. At the end of the decade, dresses were being worn with straight bodices and collars. Tucks at the bottom of the bodices were popular, as well as knife-pleated skirts with a hem approximately one inch below the knee. In 1928, styles changed again Hemlines rose to the knee and dresses became more fitted.These changes laid the root for the elegantly styled fashions of the sass. Many garments of the sass fastened with buttons. The closer-fitting flapper- style dresses fastened with a continuous lap, usually applied to the left side seam of the garment. Hooks and eyes, buttons, or snaps were all utilized to fasten the lap. The zipper, first patented in 1893, was not utilized in garments until the latter part of the decade. It was originally known as a locker, and did not receive its current name until 1926. It was not widely used until the late sass.Cotton and wool were the abundant fabrics of the decade. Silk was highly desired for its luxurious qualities, but the limited supply made it expensive. In 1891, artificial silk was first made from a solution of cellulose in France. After being patented in the united States, the first American plant began production of this new fabric in 1910. In 1924 this fiber became known as rayon. Rayon stockings became popular in the sass as a substitute for silk stockings. Rayon was also used in undergarments. Women, celebrating such liberties as the right to vote in , were now more daring than ever before.It was considered sportsman to smoke, visit speakeasies, wear makeup, swear, and otherwise shock conventional thinkers. In 1927 when short skirts were all the age young women strove to show dispatch their knees with increasing abandon. Many girls even rolled down their stockings and painted rouge on their knees in an effort to emulate a naughty schoolgirl look. The foot also became a focal point of fashion. Shoe styles were influe nced by crazes like the Charleston, a dance that demented a securely fastened shoe with a low heel and closed toe.A single-bar fondness with a pointed toe, high-wasted heel, and one tiny covered button was the most common style. High tongued, cuffaway decorated, crossover, and t-straps were other popular elements. The curiosity for exotic arts and finale was fueled by the discovery of Egyptian King Tutankhamen tomb in 1922. Egyptian themes appeared in everything from furniture to clothing. Shoes also reflected this theme. Bright fabrics and brilliantly dark leather including metallic were used to create some of the most exciting shoes ever seen.The heels were often works of art themselves. The late sass saw the adoption of two-toned spectators for men, perfect with the popular knickers. In the ass, men were still in a conservative mood. The wide trousers were still worn, sometimes as wide as 24 inches at the bottom The knickers and plus fours were popular with sporty types, an d were buckled 4 below the knee (hence the name plus fours). Light colors were raise in summer, but darker and animal fur was favored when the weather got cold.By now all the college boys were habiliment the popular raccoon coat, and some of the women were too. The following are the events that touch fashion in sass and even today Channels pioneering Jersey sweater and pleated skirt. Ensembles are now accepted as easy wear. Debutante Daisy Fellows challenges convention wearing black when presented to the Queen at Bucking Palace instead of the traditional white. Dress Essentials magazine features scarves among accessories color coordination becomes a conscious feature of the average womans wardrobe. The Prince of Wales now orders all his trousers to be made with cuffs, and (unlike his father) wears suits in town. East European folk embroideries inspire the peasant look in womens Soviet Atelier of Fashion is formed. Wear. Bobbed hair becomes the rage. Tunisia takes off with Tutan khamen overzealous, Egyptian colors, scarab and lotus Jewelry, etc. The Textile Color Card Association of the United States is formed, n attempt to establish a standard governance of colors identified by numbers. First feature on the little black dress. Oxford bags are worn by young graduates. The hemline is the shortest in history. US production of rayon viscose reaches 53 million pounds for the year. Vogues More masculine elements enter female dress. The severely short Eaton crop haircut ousts bobbed hair. Jeanne Lanolin opens first boutique for men. observable leather shoes are new. Nancy Canard, wearing African bangles to the elbows, is photographed by Man Ray. The press declares fever chart hemlines. Hat brims return to fashion. The first of Schizophrenias tromped Leila sweaters are a resounding success. Mens Dress Reform Party is founded in Britain. A new femininity hemlines are now longer for drawer, as well as evening. In Conclusion, Fashion was made available to a broad er sector of the public as a result of modern retail policies and the idea that consumerism meant emancipation. Lighter garments of simpler cut and the electrification of the factories also made mass production possible. In many ways, the twenties established the themes and marketing policies that would be developed in the post-World War II flowing and that are so familiar to us today.

Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 or Republic Act No. 10175 Essay

What are the Cybercrime Offenses?offenses against confidentiality, integrity and availability of ready reckoner data and systems includes illegal entryway, illegal interception, data interference, system interference, misuse of device and cybersquatting computer related offensesthis includes computer-related forgery, fraud, identity theft content-related offensesthis includes cybersex, child pornography, unsolicited commercial communications and libel The definition under the Revised Penal Code (RPC) for libel is followed unexclusive and malicious imputation of a crime, or of a vice, or defect, real or imaginary, or every act, omission, condition, status or circumstance tending to cause the dishonor, brush aside or contempt of a natural or juridical person, or to blacken the memory of one who is dead. Unsolicited commercial communications refer to the transmission of commercial electronic communication with the use of computer system which seek to advertise, sell or offer for s ale products and improvementsThe law also punishes those who aid or abets in the commission of the cybercrime as well as those who attempt to commit the same.Penalties to be imposed include imprisonment of prision mayor or 12 years plus a fine ranging from P200,000 up to P1,000,000.Under Sec. 12, law enforcement authorities shall be authorized to collect or record traffic data in real time associated with specified communications transmitted by means of a computer system. o The requirement for this is due cause and no warrant is necessary. o Traffic data refer to communications origin, destination, route, time date, size, duration or type but excludes content. o To seize or disclose content, a court warrant is necessary.Under Section 19, the Department of Justice can issue an order to restrict or block access to the computer data, should the computer data be found to be prima facie (presumed to be) in violation of the law. Critics have calledthis the take down clauseCommentsThe i nclusion of libelNo clear definition allowing people who share, retweet, post to be prosecuted Penalty for online libel is 12 years imprisonment as opposed to the libel under the RPC which is 4 years and 2 months. The Philippine libel law has been previously been declared by the UN Human Rights Commission as excessive and incompatible with international homosexual rights law. (October 2011) Individuals can get punished for libel under the Cybercrime Law and under the RPC because of Sec. 7 which provides that a prosecution under this law shall be without prejudice to any liability for violation of the RPC or special laws. Under Section 19 or the Takedown clause, the Department of Justice can immediately order barricade access to your computer data, depriving you of the opportunity to access and see your stored information. Here, the DOJ acts as the prosecutor and the court who issues the gag order. Law is silent on the liability of service providers.

Fish Essay

Below is a free essay on Fish Market from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and stipulation paper examples. Be there, play,make their day and choose your attitude. Those are the four simple steps that the Pike Place Fish Market in Seattle, Washington uses to permit exceptional customer service. After seeing the Fish video, I think that every business should do business the way that Pike Place does. What does it mingy to really be there for your customers?The way Pike Place Fish Market sees it, you should be one on one with your customer. When you are helping someone, you should point on what they need and make them feel like more than dependable a customer. The second step to exceptional customer service is play. Whether its throwing fish or making jokes, the employees at the Pike Place Fish Market know how to keep the job fun. In the Fish video, I watched the employees having fun by retell what eachother says.The third step is make their day. As a crow d of 100+ people gather around the fish market to watch the employees having a colossal time, they get to become part of that. In the video, one of the men said that sometimes they get people walking by that are having a unskilled day and they are just in a really high-risk mood and after talking to the employees, they walk away with a smile on their face. They event let onlookers join in on throwing and catching the fish.The employees will even tell people in the crowd how beautiful they are just to make their day. The last of the four simple steps is choose your attitude. Its hard to have fun at work if you are in a bad mood. When working at a place like Pike Place, it should be easy tobe in good spirits at work because they make it fun. barely in order to make it fun they have to show up in a good mood. The employees have to choose their attitude. If one person is sick it could make the whole staff have a bad day.

Inustrial/organizational psychology worksheet Essay

1. Describe the evolution of the line of products of industrial/ organizational psychological science. The argona of Industrial and organizational psychology was created in the eighteen-hundreds emerge of experimental psychology (Spector, 2012). The creators of Industrial and organizational psychology were Walter-Dill Scott, Hugo Munsterberg, and withal James Mckeen Cattel. These three creators of Industrial and Organizational psychology brought both the findings as well as the application of mental ethics into the area of businesses.When industrial and organizational psychology first started the aim was to enhance businesses organizational efficiency and productivity, mostly by employing psychology with an importance on specific dissimilarities, throughout ones selection and also their training. Throughout the earlier years of this type of psychology its main(prenominal) emphasis was on the industrial side (Spector, 2012). Within this time frame there was a joining in the area of industrial psychology linking both the line of products of engineering and the principles of psychology. around of the people that helped with this area had some sort of background in the industry, some of these individuals also had a history in the law as well (Spector, 2012). The main purpose of industrial psychology would be to understand ones behavior in order to improve the selection of new employees and their training. The main purpose of organizational psychology would be to better understand ones behavior in order to better the satisfaction of employees as well as their well-being within the corporation. 2. Explain why industrial/organizational psychology should be considered a science.Include an explanation of how descriptive and inferential statistics are used in I/O research. just about Industrial and Organizational psychologists do several different positions in a wide variety of situations (Spector, 2012). Those psychologists whom concentrate on industrial and org anizational psychology are generally separated between both scientific research and the different areas of practice. Due to Industrial and Organizational psychology being based upon research that is produced by precise information, Industrial and Organizational psychology relies upon scientific research (Spector, 2012).Though there are two different categories of industrial and organizational psychology, those individuals whom concentrate in the field are most likely to complete the jobs that crosses both of the areas. Most of the research is generally completed in either a college or a university type of setting where an Industrial or Organizational psychologists is working as an instructor. I feel as though that Industrial and Organizational psychology could be considered to be a science because research is a main activity that industrial and organizational psychologists perform.One of the main contributions that have been given by researchers to this field of psychology would be the advancement in methods that are used to both select as well as train new employees (Spector, 2012). Their research is also used in order to solve any issues that a company may be going through. 3. Discuss the influence industrial/organization psychology has had on organizations. Provide examples. Industrial and Organizational grew due to the World War l.Whenever the States appeared in World War l there were industrial and organizational psychologists that were called on in order to create a plan for recruits, psychological evaluations, and also to be used as a method when it came to selecting people for authorized jobs in the military. The duo of psychologists that were working with the military was ran by Robert Yerkes (Spector, 2012). The most well-known success of this group of psychologists would be the creation of both the Army Beta as well as the Army Alpha tests that tested ones mental abilities.Two main things that helped to influence the field of industrial and organiz ational psychology in America was the Americans with Disabilities Act in the year of 1990 as well as the passage of the Civil Rights Act in the year of 1964 (Spector, 2012). Though these two main events helped the field of industrial and organizational psychology be shaped, research from both fields helped to produce very helpful information that helped industrial and organizational psychologists to improve their workplace.

Connecting Nazi Propaganda poster to Hitler’s rise to power

After the Great Depression in the early 1930s, it resulted in economic and political instability for post ww1 Gremany. Adolf Hitler utilized fascism to promote his rise to power. Nazi propaganda posters were being apply as Art of Persuasion during this time. Hitler was no fool, and used every opportunity to his advantage provied by the depression. The Propaganda posters were used as a tool to promote Hitlers beliefs. He used this as a way to sell his ideas to the people of Germany.Hitler was trying to gain the German peoples consecrate through emotions. The propaganda poster helped promote Hitlers rise to power. He related to the peoples wants and privations to gain his power. Each poster related to everyone in Germany in approximately way. This helped secure his rise in power. If one poster did not relate to someone, another did. By utilizing the Art of Presuation, he gained all the power one would need to rule.Personally, it is devostaing how one person can gain that much powe r over that many people during a time of crisis. It makes perfect sense as to wherefore so many people allowed Hitler so much power. He took initiative when no one else would. He took matters into his own hands. Hitler gave the people what they needed at a time of crisis. Hitlers rise to power came at the perfect time. Germany was in turmoil, and they were in need of a hero to save them. Propaganda posters related to everyone, and Hitler made the outstrip use out of them.

The contemporary American medical industry

The contemporary American medical industry feels the lack of those, who directly take care of the patients and satisfy most of the patients needs. The thing is that there are not enough nurses in the American hospitals and clinics due to the small salaries and the lack of perspectives for the career development the registered nurses have. Fortunately, in the farthermost decade numerous shows appeared which create a positive image of nursing and encourage young people to choose it as their career.The ER was one of the jump TV series which took this mission. There were several(prenominal) remarkable actors who played nurses in this show, and the most remembering is Julianne Margulies character, hum Hathaway, the head nurse in the requirement Room. There also were several nurses on the second roles. Carol, the head nurse, was often shown at leading roles in the ER series. She was always on duty to salve the patients and to assist the doctors. The ER displays Carol and other nurse s working directly with the patients, fulfilling their professional chores. In this show nurses are shown providing nursing care to the patients, but it is also remark that sometimes these medical practitioners have to make the decisions and fulfil functions that are out of their professional competence.In scenes with physicians, where other nurses take part, those are the doctors who do most of the talking, but when Carol Hathaway is aired it is her who talks the most. She always has her own opinion almost the issues discussed, and she is ready to stand for her viewpoint. In the ER lots of episodes with doctors and nurses are aired, and the who is deciding what suffice the patient actually needs depends on the personality of the doctor and of the nurse. Of course, usually it is the doctor who guides the process, but sometimes the nurse has to take this role. Lets, for example recall Dr. Carters first day in the ER as a doctor. He was really scared when he got his first patient, so Carol had to fulfil his chores.In the ER it was shown that both man and women are good in the nursing career. There were much female nurses of course, but the male ones also were present. The age of nurses shown in the show varies from twenty to sixty something there both are the nursing certificate program recent graduates and the aged and experienced specialists. Most of the nurses in the ER are single.Carol Hathaway is portrayed as one of the strongest and most intelligent women in the whole series. Shes strong, manque and intelligent, capable and eager of learning something new. Carols character is even stronger than most of the doctors who work with her have but shes an exception, as most nurses are shown as less ambitious and, more light-headed. Most of them have time for activities besides their job, so they seem little touched by the problems that happen in the hospital. Thus the personality traits depicted in Julianna Margulies character, Carol are shown as abnormal fo r the person of her occupation.Carol Hathaways values change as shes developing personally and professionally done the series. At the beginning serving people, saving them is the most significant for her, but with the time passing we notice that Carol becomes more and more ambitious, she longs for recognition and scholarship. In the same time the other nurses long for various things most of them still feel that their work is of greatest importance and try to fulfill their chores as drudgingly as possible, but there are also some nurses who just want to sit and do nothing. Most nurses are shown as less intelligent and ambitious than the doctors are.In the ER the nurses arent portrayed in sexually demeaning terms, its rather they are evaluated on the basis of their professionalism and excellence. Of course, most of the nurses depicted are attractive, and several romantic lines appear which involve nurses.Its raise that in the ER nursing is not portrayed as a fulfilling career. The nurses are complaining that the doctors underevaluate them, and in the middle of the series Carol decides to continue her education for to get the doctors diploma. Despite of that, the job of a nurse is shown as quite an interesting and exciting one, but in the same time very tiring and demanding.In the ER the profession of a nurse is shown as a deficit and exciting one, but it is also said that the doctors are superior to the nurses, and that the nurses have few opportunities for the career development.ReferenceER (1994) TV-Series 1994-. Retrieved October 1, 2005 from the IMDB website. http//www.imdb.com/title/tt0108757/ ER. About the Show. (2005). Retrieved October 1, 2005 from the NBC website. http//www.nbc.com/ER/about/index.htm

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 9 Microfarm

MYCOGEN- The microfarms of Mycogen ar legendary, though they survive at erstwhile besides in much(prenominal) oft- white plagued similes as rich as the microfarms of Mycogen or tasty as Mycogenian yeast. Such encomiums escape to intensify with time, to be sure, save Hari Seldon visited those microfarms in the sort of The F f each and thither argon references in his memoirs that would pitch to support the popular relianceEncyclopedia galactica41.That was cracking. verbalise Seldon explosively. It was considerably better than the food Graycloud brought-Dors say reasonably, You shake up to remember that Grayclouds woman had to prep be it on short nonice in the middle of the night. She paused and tell, I compliments they would say wife. They make woman sound want such an appanage, like my house or my robe. It is absolutely demeaning.I k today. Its infuriating. precisely they might well make wife sound like an appanage as well. Its the way they live and the Sisters do nt postdate disc all over to mind. You and I atomic number 18nt expiration to change it by lecturing. Anyway, did you get together how the Sisters did it?Yes, I did and they do e rattlingthing touchm very simple. I doubted I could remember everything they did, nevertheless they insisted I wouldnt scram to. I could embark on byside with mere h work throughing. I gathitherd the bread had about sort of microderi value-added taxive added to it in the baking that both embossed the dough and change it that crunchy consistency and warm flavor. mediocre a hint of pepper, didnt you think?I couldnt tell, but whatsoever it was, I didnt get enough. And the soup. Did you recognize either of the vegetables?No.And what was the chopped meat? Could you tell?I dont think it was sliced meat, actually. We did impart a lamb dish back on Cinna that it reminded me of.It was certainly non lamb.I said that I doubted it was meat at all.-I dont think some(prenominal)one outside Mycogen eats like this every. Not plain the Emperor, Im sure. some(prenominal) the Mycogenians sell is, Im exiting to bet, near the bottom of the line. They save the best for themselves. We had better non stay present to a fault coarse, Hari. If we get used to eating like this, well never be able to acclimatize ourselves to the pitiable stuff they cast off outside. She laughed.Seldon laughed too. He took an different sip at the fruit juice, which predilectiond far to a greater extent than razz than any fruit juice he had ever sipped before, and said, listen, when Hummin took me to the University, we stopped at a roadside buffet car and had some food that was heavily yeasted. It tasted like- No, never mind what it tasted like, but I wouldnt micturate mind it conceivable, accordingly, that microfood could taste like this. I wish the Sisters were still present. It would bring been polite to thank them.I think they were quite a awargon of how we would retrieve. I remarked on the wonderful smell season everything was warming and they said, quite com buttntly, that it would taste take go acrosstide better.The older one said that, I imagine.Yes. The younger one giggled.-And theyll be back. Theyre dismissal to bring me a kirtle, so that I lav go out to see the shops with them. And they made it clear I would go for to wash my face if I was to be seen in public. They will show me where to buy some good-quality kirtles of my sustain and where I can buy ready-made meals of all kinds. on the whole Ill have to do is heat them up. They explained that comely Sisters wouldnt do that, but would start from scratch. In fact, some of the meal they wide-awake for us was simply het and they apologized for that. They managed to imply, though, that tribespeople couldnt be expected to appreciate true artistry in cooking, so that simply heating prep bed food would do for us.-They seem to take it for granted, by the way, that I will be doing all the shop and cooki ng.As we say at home, When in Trantor, do as the Trantorians do. Yes, I was sure that would be your berth in this case.Im plainly tender, said Seldon.The usual excuse, said Dors with a small smile. Seldon leaned back with a acceptable well-filled feeling and said, Youve been on Trantor for two socio-economic classs, Dors, so you might understand a hardly a(prenominal) things that I dont. Is it your opinion that this odd social system the Mycogenians have is part of a super earthyistic view they have?supernaturalistic?Yes. Would you have heard that this was so?What do you mean by supernaturalistic?The obvious. A belief in entities that are independent of natural law, that are non bound by the conservation of energy, for instance, or by the population of a constant of action.I see. Youre asking if Mycogen is a religious community.It was Seldons turn. Religious?Yes. Its an archaic term, but we historians use it-our study is riddled with archaic terms. Religious is not precisely equivalent to supernaturalistic, though it contains richly supernaturalistic elements. I cant dissolvent your specific question, however, because Ive never made any special investigation of Mycogen. Still, from what little Ive seen of the place and from my cognition of religions in account, I wouldnt be surprised if the Mycogenian society was religious in part.In that case, would it surprise you if Mycogenian legends were in any case religious in character?No, it wouldnt.And therefore not based on historical matter?That wouldnt needfully follow. The core of the legends might still be authentically historic, allowing for distortion and supernaturalistic intermixture.Ah, said Seldon and seemed to retire into his apprehensions. ultimately Dors broke the silence that followed and said, Its not so uncommon, you come. there is a considerable religious element on many worlds. Its grown stronger in the last few centuries as the Empire has grown more turbulent. On my world of Cinna, a t least a quarter of the population is tritheistic.Seldon was again painfully and regretfully sensible(p) of his ignorance of history. He said, Were there times in past history when religion was more prominent than it is today?Certainly. In addition, there are sweet varieties springing up constantly. The Mycogenian religion, whatever it might be, could be relatively new and may be restricted to Mycogen itself. I couldnt really tell without considerable study. yet now we get to the point of it, Dors. Is it your opinion that women are more apt to be religious than men are?Dors Venabili raised her eyebrows. Im not sure if we can assume anything as simple as that. She thought a bit. I suspect that those elements of a population that have a smaller stake in the material natural world are more apt to find solace in what you call supernaturalism-the poor, the disinherited, the squandertrodden. Insofar as supernaturalism overlaps religion, they may overly be more religious. There are o bviously many notwithstandingions in both directions. Many of the downtrodden may lack religion many of the rich, powerful, and satisfied may possess it. and in Mycogen, said Seldon, where the women seem to be treated as subhuman-would I be mightily in assuming they would be more religious than the men, more involved in the legends that the society has been preserving?I wouldnt risk my life on it, Hari, but Id be willing to risk a weeks income on it.Good, said Seldon thoughtfully.Dors smiled at him. Theres a bit of your psychohistory, Hari. Rule number 47,854 The downtrodden are more religious than the satisfied.Seldon shook his head. Dont joke roughly psychohistory, Dors. You know Im not sapiditying for tiny rules but for vast generalizations and for operator of manipulation. I dont emergency relative religiosity as the result of a hundred specific rules. I want something from which I can, afterwards manipulation through some system of mathematicized logic, say, Aha, this group of people will tend to be more religious than that group, provided that the following criteria are met, and that, therefore, when gentlemans gentleman meets with these stimuli, it will react with these responses. How horrible, said Dors. You are picturing human beings as simple mechanical devices. Press this button and you will get that twitch.No, because there will be many buttons pushing simultaneously to varying degrees and eliciting so many responses of different sorts that overall the auspicateions of the future will be statistical in nature, so that the individual human being will last out a free agent.How can you know this?I cant, said Seldon. At least, I dont know it. I feel it to be so. It is what I consider to be the way things ought to be. If I can find the axioms, the fundamental Laws of Humanics, so to let the cat out of the bag, and the necessary mathematical treatment, then I will have my psychohistory. I have proved that, in theory, this is possible- barely impractical, ripe?I keep saying so.A small smile curved Dorss lips, Is that what you are doing, Hari, looking for some sort of solution to this problem?I dont know. I s bring out to you I dont know. But Chetter Hummin is so anxious to find a solution and, for some reason, I am anxious to occupy him. He is so persuasive a man.Yes, I know.Seldon let that comment pass, although a small set down flitted across his face. Seldon continued. Hummin insists the Empire is decaying, that it will collapse, that psychohistory is the only hope for saving it-or cushioning it or ameliorating it-and that without it humanity will be destroyed or, at the very least, go through prolonged misery. He seems to place the responsibility for preventing that on me. Now, the Empire will certainly last my time, but if Im to live at ease, I essential lift that responsibility from my shoulders. I moldiness convince myself-and even convince Hummin-that psychohistory is not a practical way out that, despite t heory, it cannot be developed. So I must follow up as many leads as I can and show that each one must fail.Leads? bid going back in history to a time when human society was smaller than it is now?Much smaller. And far less complex.And showing that a solution is still impractical?Yes.But who is going to describe the early world for you? If the Mycogenians have some coherent picture of the primordial galax, Sunmaster certainly wont get wind it to a tribesman. No Mycogenian will. This is an ingrown society-how many times have we already said it?-and its members are untrusting of tribesmen to the point of paranoia. Theyll tell us nothing.I will have to think of a way to expect some Mycogenians to talk. Those Sisters, for instance.They wont even hear you, male that you are, any more than Sunmaster hears me. And even if they do talk to you, what would they know but a few catch phrases?I must start somewhere.Dors said, Well, let me think. Hummin says I must protect you and I interpret that as meaning I must help you when I can. What do I know active religion? Thats nowhere near my specialty, you know. I have constantly dealt with economical forces, rather than philosophic forces, but you cant split history into neat little nonoverlapping divisions. For instance, religions tend to accumulate riches when successful and that eventually tends to distort the economic development of a society. There, incidentally, is one of the numerous rules of human history that youll have to derive from your basic Laws of Humanics or whatever you called them. ButAnd here, Dorss phonate faded away as she lapsed into thought. Seldon watched her cautiously and Dorss eyes glazed as though she was looking deep within herself. in conclusion she said, This is not an invariable rule, but it seems to me that on many matters, a religion has a book-or books-of significance books that salute their ritual, their view of history, their sacred poetry, and who knows what else. Usually, thos e books are open to all and are a means of proselytization. Sometimes they are secret.Do you think Mycogen has books of that sort?To be truthful, said Dors thoughtfully, I have never heard of any. I might have if they existed openly-which means they either dont exist or are kept secret. In either case, it seems to me you are not going to see them.At least its a starting point, said Seldon grimly.42.The Sisters returned somewhat two hours after Hari and Dors had finished lunch. They were smiling, both of them, and Raindrop xliii, the graver one, held up a grey-headed kirtle for Dorss inspection.It is very attractive, said Dors, smiling widely and nodding her head with a certain sincerity. I like the clever fancywork here.It is nothing, twittered Raindrop Forty-Five. It is one of my old things and it wont fit very well, for you are taller than I am. But it will do for a while and we will take you out to the very best kirtlery to get a few that will fit you and your tastes perfectl y. You will see.Raindrop xliii, smiling a little nervously but saying nothing and charge her eyes fixed on the ground, handed a white kirtle to Dors. It was folded neatly. Dors did not attempt to unfold it, but passed it on to Seldon.From the color I should say its yours, Hari.Presumably, said Seldon, but give it back. She did not give it to me.Oh, Hari, mouthed Dors, frisson her head approximately.No, said Seldon firmly. She did not give it to me. Give it back to her and Ill wait for her to give it to me.Dors hesitated, then made a one-half-hearted attempt to pass the kirtle back to Raindrop cardinal.The Sister put option her hands behind her back and move away, all life seeming to drain from her face. Raindrop Forty-Five stole a glance at Seldon, a very quick one, then took a quick step toward Raindrop 43 and put her arms about her.Dors said, play along, Hari, Im sure that Sisters are not permitted to talk to men who are not related to them. Whats the use of reservation h er miserable? She cant help it.I dont believe it, said Seldon harshly. If there is such a rule, it applies only to Brothers. I doubt very much that shes ever met a tribesman before.Dors said to Raindrop Forty-Three in a compressible articulate, Have you ever met a tribesman before, Sister, or a tribeswoman?A long hesitation and then a slow negative shake of the head.Seldon threw out his arms. Well, there you are. If there is a rule of silence, it applies only to the Brothers. Would they have sent these young women-these Sisters-to deal with us if there was any rule against speaking to tribesmen?It might be, Hari, that they were meant to speak only to me and I to you.Nonsense. I dont believe it and I wont believe it. I am not notwithstanding a tribesman, I am an honored guest in Mycogen, asked to be treated as such by Chetter Hummin and escorted here by Sunmaster xiv himself. I will not be treated as though I do not exist. I will be in communication with Sunmaster Fourteen and I will complain bitterly.Raindrop Forty-Five began to sob and Raindrop Forty-Three, retaining her comparative impassivity, nevertheless flushed faintly. Dors made as though to appeal to Seldon once again, but he stopped her with a brief and angry outbound thrust of his right arm and then stared gloweringly at Raindrop Forty-Three.And last she spoke and did not twitter. Rather, her voice trembled hoarsely, as though she had to force it to sound in the direction of a male being and was doing so against all her instincts and desires. You must not complain of us, tribesman. That would be unjust. You force me to break the custom of our people. What do you want of me?Seldon smiled disarmingly at once and held out his hand. The garment you brought me. The kirtle.Silently, she stretched out her arm and deposited the kirtle in his hand. He bowed slightly and said in a soft warm voice, Thank you, Sister. He then cast a very brief look in Dorss direction, as though to say You see? But Dors loo ked away angrily.The kirtle was featureless, Seldon saw as he unfolded it (embroidery and decorativeness were for women, apparently), but it came with a tasseled whack that probably had some contingent way of being worn. No doubt he could work it out.He said, Ill step into the derriere and put this thing on. It wont take but a minute, I suppose.He stepped into the small chamber and found the accession would not close behind him because Dors was forcing her way in as well. Only when the two of them were in the bath way of life together did the door close.What were you doing? Dors hissed angrily. You were an absolute brute, Hari. wherefore did you treat the poor woman that way?Seldon said impatiently, I had to make her talk to me. Im counting on her for information. You know that. Im sorry I had to be cruel, but how else could I have broken down her inhibitions? And he motioned her out.When he emerged, he found Dors in her kirtle too. Dors, despite the audacious head the skincap gave her and the inherent dowdiness of the kirtle, managed to look quite attractive. The stitching on the robe somehow suggested a figure without revealing it in the least. Her belt was wider than his own and was a slightly different shade of gray from her kirtle. Whats more, it was held in front by two glittering blue stone snaps. (Women did manage to beautify themselves even under the greatest difficulty, Seldon thought.)Looking over at Hari, Dors said, You look quite the Mycogenian now. The two of us are fit to be taken to the stores by the Sisters.Yes, said Seldon, but afterward I want Raindrop Forty-Three to take me on a tour of the microfarms.Raindrop Forty-Threes eyes widened and she took a rapid step backward.Id like to see them, said Seldon calmly.Raindrop Forty-Three looked quickly at Dors. Tribeswoman-Seldon said, Perhaps you know nothing of the farms, Sister.That seemed to touch a nerve. She get up her chin haughtily as she still carefully addressed Dors. I have worked on the microfarms. All Brothers and Sisters do at some point in their lives.Well then, take me on the tour, said Seldon, and lets not go through the argument again. I am not a Brother to whom you are nix to speak and with whom you may have no dealings. I am a tribesman and an honored guest. I wear this skincap and this kirtle so as not to attract undue attention, but I am a learner and while I am here I must learn. I cannot sit in this room and stare at the wall. I want to see the one thing you have that the rest of the Galaxy does not have your microfarms. I should think youd be proud to show them.We are proud, said Raindrop Forty-Three, finally facing Seldon as she spoke, and I will show you and dont think you will learn any of our secrets if that is what you are after. I will show you the microfarms tomorrow morning. It will take time to arrange a tour.Seldon said, I will wait till tomorrow morning. But do you promise? Do I have your word of honor?Raindrop Forty-Three said wit h clear contempt, I am a Sister and I will do as I say. I will keep my word, even to a tribesman. Her voice grew icy at the last words, while her eyes widened and seemed to glitter.Seldon wondered what was passing through her mind and felt uneasy.43.Seldon passed a restless night. To begin with, Dors had announced that she must accompany him on the tour of the microfarm and he had objected strenuously. The whole purpose, he said, is to make her talk freely, to present her with an unusual environment-alone with a male, even if a tribesman. Having broken custom so far, it will be easier to break it further. If youre along, she will talk to you and I will only get the leavings.And if something happens to you in my absence, as it did Upperside?Nothing will happen. Please If you want to help me, stay away. If not, I will have nothing further to do with you. I mean it, Dors. This is important to me. Much as Ive grown social of you, you cannot come ahead of this.She agreed with enormous r eluctance and said only, Promise me youll at least be nice to her, then.And Seldon said, Is it me you must protect or her? I assure you that I didnt treat her harshly for merriment and I wont do so in the future.The memory of this argument with Dors-their first-helped keep him awake a massive part of the night that, together with the nagging thought that the two Sisters might not arrive in the morning, despite Raindrop Forty-Threes promise. They did arrive, however, not long after Seldon had completed a spare breakfast (he was determined not to grow fat through overindulgence) and had put on a kirtle that fitted him precisely. He had carefully organized the belt so that it hung perfectly.Raindrop Forty-Three, still with a touch of ice in her eye, said, if you are ready, Tribesman Seldon, my sister will remain with Tribeswoman Venabili. Her voice was neither twittery nor hoarse. It was as though she had steadied herself through the night, practicing, in her mind, how to speak to on e who was a male but not a Brother.Seldon wondered if she had lose sleep and said, I am quite ready.Together, half an hour later, Raindrop Forty-Three and Hari Seldon were descending level upon level. Though it was daytime by the clock, the light was dusky and thudding than it had been elsewhere on Trantor. There was no obvious reason for this. Surely, the artificial daylight that slowly progressed or so the Trantorian orbit could include the Mycogen Sector. The Mycogenians must want it that way, Seldon thought, clinging to some primitive habit. Slowly Seldons eyes adjusted to the dim surroundings. Seldon tried to meet the eyes of passersby, whether Brothers or Sisters, calmly. He assumed he and Raindrop Forty-Three would be taken as a Brother and his woman and that they would be given no notice as long as he did nothing to attract attention.Unfortunately, it seemed as if Raindrop Forty-Three wanted to be noticed. She talked to him in few words and in low tones out of a clenched mouth. It was clear that the company of an unauthorized male, even though only she knew this fact, raved her self-confidence. Seldon was quite sure that if he asked her to relax, he would further make her that much more uneasy. (Seldon wondered what she would do if she met someone who knew her. He felt more relaxed once they reached the lower levels, where human beings were fewer.)The descent was not by elevators either, but by moving staired ramps that existed in pairs, one going up and one going down. Raindrop Forty-Three referred to them as escalators. Seldon wasnt sure he had caught the word correctly, never having heard it before.As they sank to lower and lower levels, Seldons apprehension grew. Most worlds possessed microfarms and most worlds produced their own varieties of microproducts. Seldon, back on Helicon, had occasionally shopped for seasonings in the microfarms and was forever aware of an unpleasant stomach-turning stench. The people who worked at the microfarms di dnt seem to mind. Even when casual visitors wrinkled their noses, they seemed to acclimate themselves to it. Seldon, however, was always peculiarly susceptible to the smell. He suffered and he expected to suffer now. He tried soothing himself with the thought that he was nobly sacrificing his comfort to his need for information, but that didnt keep his stomach from turning itself into knots in apprehension. afterward he had lost track of the number of levels they had descended, with the air still seeming reasonably fresh, he asked, When do we get to the microfarm levels?Were there now.Seldon breathed deeply. It doesnt smell as though we are.Smell? What do you mean? Raindrop Forty-Three was offended enough to speak quite loudly.There was always a putrid olfactory sensation associated with microfarms, in my experience. You know, from the fertilizer that bacteria, yeast, fungi, and saprophytes generally need.In your experience? Her voice lowered again. Where was that?On my home world. The Sister writhe her face into wild repugnance. And your people wallow in gabelle?Seldon had never heard the word before, but from the look and the intonation, he knew what it meant.He said, It doesnt smell like that, you understand, once it is ready for consumption.Ours doesnt smell like that at any time. Our biotechnicians have worked out perfect strains. The algae grow in the purest light and the most carefully equilibrize electrolyte solutions. The saprophytes are fed on beautifully combined organics. The formulas and recipes are something no tribespeople will ever know. Come on, here we are. Sniff all you want. Youll find nothing offensive. That is one reason why our food is in demand throughout the Galaxy and why the Emperor, we are told, eats nothing else, though it is far too good for a tribesman if you ask me, even if he calls himself Emperor. She said it with an anger that seemed directly aimed at Seldon. Then, as though afraid he might miss that, she added, Or even if he calls himself an honored guest.They stepped out into a narrow corridor, on each side of which were large thick glass tanks in which blind drunk cloudy green water full of swirling, growing algae, moving about through the force of the throttle bubbles that streamed up through it. They would be rich in carbon dioxide, he decided. Rich, rosy light shone down into the tanks, light that was much brighter than that in the corridors. He commented thoughtfully on that.Of course, she said. These algae work best at the red end of the spectrum.I presume, said Seldon, that everything is automated.She shrugged, but did not respond.I dont see quantities of Brothers and Sisters in evidence, Seldon said, persisting.Nevertheless, there is work to be done and they do it, even if you dont see them at work. The details are not for you. Dont waste your time by asking about it.Wait. Dont be angry with me. I dont expect to be told state secrets. Come on, dear. (The word slipped out.)He took her arm a s she seemed on the point of hurrying away. She remained in place, but he felt her shudder slightly and he released her in embarrassment. He said, Its just that it seems automated. accept what you wish of the seeming. Nevertheless, there is room here for human brains and human judgment. Every Brother and Sister has occasion to work here at some time. Some make a profession of it.She was speaking more freely now but, to his continuing embarrassment, he noticed her left hand move stealthily toward her right arm and gently rub the spot where he had touched her, as though he had cockeyed her. It goes on for kilometers and kilometers, she said, but if we turn here therell he a portion of the fungal section you can see.They moved along. Seldon noted how clean everything was. The glass sparkled. The tiled floor seemed moist, though when he seized a bit to bend and touch it, it wasnt. Nor was it slippery-unless his sandals (with his big toe protruding in approved Mycogenian fashion) had n onslip soles. Raindrop Forty-Three was right in one respect. Here and there a Brother or a Sister worked silently, study gauges, adjusting run acrosss, sometimes engaged in something as unskilled as polishing equipment-always absorbed in whatever they were doing.Seldon was careful not to ask what they were doing, since he did not want to cause the Sister humiliation in having to answer that she did not know or anger in her having to remind him there were things he must not know. They passed through a lightly swinging door and Seldon suddenly noticed the faintest touch of the odor he remembered. He looked at Raindrop Forty-Three, but she seemed unconscious of it and soon he too became used to it. The character of the light changed suddenly. The rosiness was gone and the brightness too. All seemed to be in a twilight except where equipment was spotlighted and wherever there was a spotlight there seemed to be a Brother or a Sister. Some wore lighted headbands that gleamed with a pear ly glow and, in the middle distance, Seldon could see, here and there, small sparks of light moving erratically.As they walked, he cast a quick eye on her profile. It was all he could really judge by. At all other times, he could not cease being conscious of her bulging denuded head, her bare eyes, her colorless face. They drowned her individuality and seemed to make her invisible. Here in profile, however, he could see something. Nose, chin, full lips, regularity, beauty. The dim light somehow smoothed out and softened the great upper desert.He thought with surprise She could be very beautiful if she grew her fuzz and arranged it nicely. And then he thought that she couldnt grow her hair. She would be grow her whole life. Why? Why did they have to do that to her? Sunmaster said it was so that a Mycogenian would know himself (or herself) for a Mycogenian all his (or her) life. Why was that so important that the curse of baldingness had to be accepted as a badge or mark of identit y?And then, because he was used to line of reasoning both sides in his mind, he thought Custom is second nature. Be accustomed to a bald head, sufficiently accustomed, and hair on it would seem monstrous, would evoke nausea. He himself had shaved his face every morning, removing all the facial hair, uncomfortable at the merest stubble, and yet he did not think of his face as bald or as being in any way unnatural. Of course, he could grow his facial hair at any time he wished-but he didnt wish to do so.He knew that there were worlds on which the men did not shave in some, they did not even clip or shape the facial hair but let it grow wild. What would they say if they could see his own bald face, his own hairless chin, cheek, and lips? And meanwhile, he walked with Raindrop Forty-Three-endlessly, it seemed-and every once in a while she guided him by the elbow and it seemed to him that she had grown accustomed to that, for she did not withdraw her hand hastily. Sometimes it remained for nearly a minute.She said, Here Come hereWhat is that? asked Seldon.They were standing before a small tray filled with little spheres, each about two centimeters in diameter. A Brother who was tending the area and who had just placed the tray where it was looked up in mild inquiry.Raindrop Forty-Three said to Seldon in a low voice, Ask for a few.Seldon realized she could not speak to a Brother until spoken to and said uncertainly, may we have a few, B-brother?Have a handful, Brother, said the other heartily.Seldon plucked out one of the spheres and was on the point of handing it to Raindrop Forty-Three when he noticed that she had accepted the invitation as applying to herself and reached in for two handfuls. The sphere felt glossy, smooth. Seldon said to Raindrop Forty-Three as they moved away from the vat and from the Brother who was in attendance, Are these supposed to be eaten? He lifted the sphere cautiously to his nose.They dont smell, she said sharply.What are they?Dainti es. Raw dainties. For the outside market theyre flavored in different ways, but here in Mycogen we eat them unflavored-the only way. She put one in her mouth and said, I never have enough.Seldon put his sphere into his mouth and felt it dissolve and disappear rapidly. His mouth, for a moment, ran liquid and then it slid, almost of its own accord, down his throat.He stood for a moment, amazed. It was slightly sweet and, for that matter, had an even fainter bitter aftertaste, but the main sensation eluded him. May I have another(prenominal)? he said.Have half a dozen, said Raindrop Forty-Three, holding out her hand. They never have quite the same taste twice and have practically no calories. Just taste.She was right. He tried to have the dainty linger in his mouth he tried trouncing it carefully tried biting off a piece. However, the most careful lick destroyed it. When a bit was crunched off apiece, the rest of it disappeared at once. And each taste was undefinable and not quite lik e the one before.The only disquiet is, said the Sister happily, that every once in a while you have a very unusual one and you never forget it, but you never have it again either. I had one when I was nine- Her expression suddenly lost its excitement and she said, Its a good thing. It teaches you the evanescence of things of the world.It was a signal, Seldon thought. They had wandered about aimlessly long enough. She had grown used to him and was talking to him. And now the conversation had to come to its point. Now44.Seldon said, I come from a world which lies out in the open, Sister, as all worlds do but Trantor. Rain comes or doesnt come, the rivers trickle or are in flood, temperature is high or low. That means harvests are good or bad. Here, however, the environment is truly controlled. Harvests have no choice but to be good. How fortunate Mycogen is.He waited. There were different possible answers and his course of action would depend on which answer came.She was speaking qui te freely now and seemed to have no inhibitions concerning his masculinity, so this long tour had served its purpose. Raindrop Forty-Three said, The environment is not that easy to control. There are, occasionally, viral infections and there are sometimes unexpected and unenviable mutations. There are times when whole vast batches wither or are worthless.You astonish me. And what happens then?There is usually no recourse but to destroy the spoiled batches, even those that are merely suspected of spoilage. Trays and tanks must be totally sterilized, sometimes disposed of altogether.It amounts to surgery, then, said Seldon. You cut out the diseased tissue.Yes.And what do you do to prevent such things from happening?What can we do? We test constantly for any mutations that may spring up, any new viruses that may appear, any accidental contamination or diversity of the environment. It rarely happens that we detect anything wrong, but if we do, we take drastic action. The result is th at bad years are very few and even bad years affect only fractional bits here and there. The worst year weve ever had fell short of the average by only 12 percent-though that was enough to produce hardship. The trouble is that even the most careful forethought and the most cleverly designed computer programs cant always predict what is essentially unpredictable.(Seldon felt an involuntary shudder go through him. It was as though she was speaking of psychohistory-but she was only speaking of the microfarm produce of a tiny fraction of humanity, while he himself was considering all the mighty Galactic Empire in every one of all its activities.) Unavoidably disheartened, he said, Surely, its not all unpredictable. There are forces that guide and that care for us all.The Sister stiffened. She turned around toward him, seeming to study him with her sagacious eyes. But all she said was What?Seldon felt uneasy. It seems to me that in speaking of viruses and mutations, were talking about t he natural, about phenomena that are subject to natural law. That leaves out of account the supernatural, doesnt it? It leaves out that which is not subject to natural law and can, therefore, control natural law.She continued to stare at him, as though he had suddenly begun speaking some distant, unknown dialect of Galactic Standard. Again she said, in half a whisper this time, Wharf.He continued, stumbling over unfamiliar words that half-embarrassed him. You must appeal to some great essence, some great spirit, some I dont know what to call it.Raindrop Forty-Three said in a voice that rose into higher registers but remained low, I thought so. I thought that was what you meant, but I couldnt believe it. Youre accusing us of having religion. Why didnt you say so? Why didnt you use the word?She waited for an answer and Seldon, a little confused at the onslaught, said, Because thats not a word I use. I call it supernaturalism. Call it what you will. Its religion and we dont have it. or ganized religion is for the tribesmen, for the swarming ho-The Sister paused to swallow as though she had come near to choking and Seldon was certain the word she had choked over was-She was in control again. Speaking slowly and somewhat below her normal soprano, she said, We are not a religious people. Our kingdom is of this Galaxy and always has been. If you have a religion-Seldon felt trapped. Somehow he had not counted on this. He raised a hand defensively. Not really. Im a mathematician and my kingdom is also of this Galaxy. Its just that I thought, from the rigidity of your customs, that your kingdom-Dont think it, tribesman. If our customs are rigid, it is because we are mere millions surrounded by billions. Somehow we must mark ourselves off so that we precious few are not lost among your swarms and hordes. We must be marked off by our hairlessness, our clothing, our behavior, our way of life. We must know who we are and we must be sure that you tribesmen know who we are. W e labor in our farms so that we can make ourselves valuable in your eyes and thus make certain that you leave us alone. Thats all we ask of you to leave us alone.I have no intention of harming you or any of your people. I seek only knowledge, here as everywhere.So you insult us by asking about our religion, as though we have ever called on a mysterious, insubstantial spirit to do for us what we cannot do for ourselves.There are many people, many worlds who believe in supernaturalism in one form or another religion, if you like the word better. We may disagree with them in one way or another, but we are as likely to be wrong in our disbelief as they in their belief. In any case, there is no disgrace in such belief and my questions were not intended as insults.But she was not reconciled. Religion she said angrily. We have no need of it.Seldons spirits, having sunk steadily in the course of this exchange, reached bottom. This whole thing, this expedition with Raindrop Forty-Three, had come to nothing.But she went on to say, We have something far better. We have history.And Seldons feelings rebounded at once and he smiled.