Consider the dramatic significance of Act 1, Scene 5 Essay

William Shakespeare introduces the story of Romeo and Juliet by using a prologue. The function of the prologue is to explain the situation, setting the scene in Verona and the quarrel between the families is old, ‘ancient grudge’. The prologue informs the audience that the lovers are ‘star-cross’d’ and that their death ends the feud between the families; the prologue creates the dramatic back-drop of the play. By using a prologue, Shakespeare introduces the theme of love, informing the audience of the lovers. During Shakespeare’s time, it was not unusual to introduce the play by using a chorus. The chorus would silence the audience and create an appropriate mood for the first scene. The chorus emphasizes that the lovers are fated and their love is ‘death-marked’. The prologue helps create dramatic irony, the audience are aware that the play is a tragedy. Shakespeare’s audience did not mind being given the same narrative structure; however, Shakespeare introduced a new level of contemporary entertainment. It is said that for this particular play, Shakespeare relies upon a narrative poem, â€Å"The Tragicall History of Romeus and Juliet† published in 1562 and translated into English. However, Shakespeare’s play is not an adaptation of the poem because the relationship between Romeo and Juliet is much deeper and dramatised; the couple do not have many scenes together. In Act 1 Scene 1, two Capulet servants wander through the streets of Verona. They see servants from the house of Montague, they quarrel. This scene is opened by fighting; this is a dramatic opening and shows how deep the feud between the Montagues and Cauplets is. The speed in which the fighting breaks out prepares the audience for the way haste and speed plays a big part in the coming tragedy; the play starts on Sunday morning and ends on Thursday afternoon. This quarrel begins almost as a farce; biting your thumb at someone is an ancient Italian insult. In Romeo and Juliet’s world, the old and foolish overrule the young; Capulet and Montague’s quarrel is shown in a foolish light, however this also heightens dramatic tension. The town’s people and the Prince are tried of this enmity. Escalus, Prince of Verona, is the representative of law and order in the play. Escalus is furious with both families; he compares their behaviour to that of beasts. He is angry because their pointless fighting is disrupting the social life of the city. The Prince commands them to restore the peace or it will end in death. This dramatic irony allows the audience to be aware that the feud will end in death and no family will succeed, but they will cause problems for themselves. The families are ‘forsworn to love’ between themselves. The Prince’s name means justice and this is his role on each of the three occasions he appears. In less then a hundred lines, Shakespeare has created a tense atmosphere where even one word can trigger off unthinking violence. As the Prince departs, the mood changes because Lady Montague asks the question that the audience want to ask, ‘O where is Romeo? ‘ Benvolio becomes poetic as he talks about Romeo; he talks about sunlight and silence. This use of imagery by Shakespeare creates a deliberate atmosphere around the lovers in several scenes. Benvolio says that Romeo has been walking underneath a grove of sycamore trees; the name is being used as a pun, ‘sick amour’. Romeo is compared to Aurora, the goddess of the dawn, by Montague because of his speed. This is significant because this is the dawn of the lovers’ tragedy. These references to mythology are only connected with Romeo or Juliet. When the audience meet Romeo, he is in a melancholy mood, however, it is shown that Romeo enjoys his misery. Romeo loves Rosaline who does not love him, he plays with words of how love confuses and mixes up, turning order into chaos. Romeo’s speech is full of opposites, ‘brawling love’, ‘loving hate’ and ‘feather of lead’. This grouping together of opposites in the imagery is known as ‘oxymoron’. These images of chaos and confusion are repeated throughout the play. Romeo mentions of ‘still-waking sleep, that is not what it is’; this is almost a vision of the future, were he will find Juliet seemingly dead. Romeo’s language is artificial and forced. He uses so many ornate and different descriptions for his feelings because he is not really in love at all; he is in love with the idea of being in love. Romeo talks a lot in rhyming couplets, which makes his speech sound more like a well-rehearsed speech than a true expression of emotional torment. When Romeo meets Juliet, his language becomes more sincere and passionate. Romeo seems desperate to fall in love, but it is an idealised kind of love that he wants; he is realistic, uncompromising and given to extremes, which helps the audience to prepare for his headlong fall into passionate love in Juliet. The audience can conclude that Rosaline is only his fancy and he could be cured if he would follow Benvolio’s prescription and ‘Examine other beauties’. In Act 1 Scene 2, the real twist of the play begins. The audience have not yet met Juliet but hear Paris confidently asking Capulet for Juliet’s hand in marriage; this therefore produces tragic complications for Romeo and Juliet although they have not yet met. Capulet uses imagery to describe how young and unprepared Juliet is to become a bride. Juliet’s ‘ripeness’ to be a bride is talked of in the same breath as summer ‘withering’. Montague talks about Romeo being blighted like a bud bitten by a worm. These hints in the imagery prepare the audience for the upcoming tragedy. The love of Romeo and Juliet is full of promise and hope but doomed by fate. Capulet decides to hold a ball in which Juliet can meet with Paris. This idea of marriage to Paris creates a dramatic complexity; how is she going to meet and fall in love with Romeo if she is promised to Paris. In Act 1 Scene 3, the audience realise the importance of the Nurse, as the Nurse is more of a mother of Juliet than Lady Capulet; we realise this because of her emotional speech of Juliet’s childhood. We learn about Juliet’s age and a great deal about the personal sorrow of the Nurse. Lady Capulet is a contrast to the Nurse; she introduces the topic of marriage to Paris very abruptly and without sensitivity. ‘Tell me, daughter Juliet, how stands your dispositions to be married? ‘ she expects Juliet to obey her commands without question. Lady Capulet describes Paris in a sonnet, an elaborate comparison of Paris with a book. However, her extended metaphor has no impact upon Juliet’s feelings. Juliet’s reply to meet Paris shows only a young girl’s obedience. Act 1 Scene 4 shows Romeo openly being teased by his friends for his false love in Rosaline. Romeo and his friends are about to gatecrash the Capulet’s ball. The audience meet Mercutio; he describes Romeo’s dreams as being enchanted by Queen Mab. In such dreams, reality and madness seem to meet, and it is this sort of lovers’ dream that is about to come true for Romeo. Romeo agrees to go to the ball because Rosaline will be there but he feels uneasy and has a premonition of death. Romeo uses legal language prophesying that his premature death will result from what he begins tonight at Capulet’s mansion. This again shows dramatic irony as the lovers meet at this feast. The opening of Act1 Scene 5 is calm because we see domestic matters as the servants clear up after dinner. This dramatic delay sharpens the audiences desire to see what happens when they meet. Romeo and his friends enter as masquers and are greeted by Capulet; they mix in with the guests. Romeo catches his first glimpse of Juliet as she dances with Paris. Rosaline was invited to the ball, but we do not hear of her; Romeo has no eyes for her. Immediately, Romeo’s language becomes poetic as he describes Juliet’s beauty. Romeo considers her beauty as ‘too rich for use’ and ‘for earth too dear’; he feels that she is too fine for the uses of this world and too precious for earth. This sounds ominous and reinforces the sense of forbidden love. Tybalt, Juliet’s cousin, recognises Romeo’s voice and is ready to fight; however, he is stopped by Capulet, who has become wiser since this morning’s quarrel. This gives time for Romeo to approach Juliet. Romeo and Juliet share a sonnet; sonnets were popular during the sixteenth century. Romeo compares Juliet to a saint; religious imagery is used throughout their conversation. Their formal use of language is rather dignified and stresses the purity and sincerity of their love for each other. The sonnet’s use of religious words isolates the characters from the rest of the scene. Romeo and Juliet kiss and are about to start a second sonnet but they are disturbed by the Nurse. The interruption by the Nurse brings the lovers back into the real world from their state of isolation and they begin to understand what has happened. From the Nurse, Romeo learns that Juliet is a Capulet, the family so bitterly at odds with his own and whoever marries her will be very rich, although her wealth is of no interest to Romeo. Juliet wants to know if Romeo is married; if he is then her wedding bed will be her grave. Juliet’s character has changed from an obedient child to determine and strong-minded young woman; however this could lead conflict with her parents’ wishes to marry Paris. Again the Nurse is the source of information as Juliet learns that Romeo is her enemy; ‘My only love sprung from my only hate’, the audience feel sorry for the ill-fated lovers. Romeo and Juliet’s hearts are tearing up as they learn that it will be difficult to be with their love, although it will be painful to be without; no matter what they do, they will suffer. This underlines the folly of the feud; if the two families would just accept each other, the feud would end and the lovers’ would be able to be with their other-half. The audience will want to know how the next scene is laid out. The stage is at a tense and worried atmosphere after many opposites and contrasting moods, it is at an appropriate mood for the tragedy to unfold.

Andvantage and Disadvantage of Electrical Cars

Advantages Advantages & Disadvantages of Electric CarsAdvantages ~ a safe way to convert fossil fuels into automotive power ~ more efficient than gas-powered vehicles because their fuel can be harnessed from any source of electricity, which is available in most homes and businesses ~ the electricity created by electric cars is created by the burning of fossil fuels at power plants, instead of in an internal-combustion engine which pollutes the air. ~ the only new system required for electric cars is one that charges the batteries, and major automakers are working on creating a standard system for battery charging electric cars change the chemical composition of the pollution for the better ~ electric vehicles produce â€Å"zero emissions† in urban cities, where cleaner air is much needed. This is because the polluting power plants are situated far from the urban areas and therefore will improve the air quality in polluted urban areasDisadvantages disadvantage ~ electric vehicl es have not been widely adopted because they are rather impractical ~ Due to the lack of modern battery technology, electric cars are limited as to the distance that can be driven before the complete failure of the battery. Today, the average lifetime of a lead-acid battery is only about 100 miles. ~ Electric cars also cannot cruise, accelerate, or climb fast enough to compete with gasoline-powered cars, and accessories, such as air conditioning and radios, drain the battery even further. ~ Because electric cars are usually created by replacing the fuel tank and gasoline engine of a conventional car with electric motors, batteries, chargers, and controllers, the result is a car that is heavier and less efficient then a car solely running on electricity more expensive because the manufacturer cannot fully recover the cost of the discarded parts. ~ electric vehicles are not completely â€Å"emission-free†. If the electricity used is produced in a coal- or oil-fired generator, this only transfers the emissions from the tailpipe to the power plant. ~ They also change the composition of the pollution for the worse, by increasing the amount of sulfur oxide ( a key cause of acid rain) and ultra-fine soo t particles which also have negative health effects. Advantages & Disadvantages Of The Electric Car Written by Chris on 30 April 2010. Visited 107 times, 2 so far today In this article we take a look at the advantages and current (but improving) disadvantages of the Electric Car. With more and more car manufacturers making new Electric Cars, this is obviously the way forward for the future, but there is obviously a very long way to go. THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE ELECTRIC CAR Electric cars are not only cheaper and greener to run, but in the long term they will help with the problem the world is facing with running out of oil resources. THE DISADVANTAGES: * They are currently expensive to buy with some costing up to $50,000 * Short battery life (some have to recharge after only 100 miles) * The batteries take up a lot of space * lack of charging points in the community, although this is expected to improve in time * Recharging costs (although cheaper than liquid fuel) can put a sttain on your electricity bill * Recharging the battery can take anything from 1 hour and up to 8 hours * Some are considered to be too small Not an ideal family car, but again this is likely to improve over time * Some consider the designs to be â€Å"ugly† A NEW CONCEPT IDEA: A new concept to increase the cars travel compacity is to have two or more batteries installed, where you can switch to another battery when you start running out of charge. Then whilst you are running on a second battery, a dynamo can recharge your dead battery whilst you are driving. The problem with this is that the batteries would have to be made smaller to be able to fit nicely into the car.

ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES OF ORGANIZATIONS Study

ANALYSIS OF STUDIES OF ORGANIZATIONS - Case Study Example The purpose of this paper is to examine the case studies of North Cumbria Primary Care Trust, London Borough of Redbridge, Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council and Chorley Borough Council, in which changes in the organizational culture were implemented. According to Cumbria NHS (2006) the former North Cumbria Primary Care Trusts have been replaced by Cumbria Primary Care Trust (PCT). This is a major organization for health, serving a population of nearly five lakh people. The organization is responsible for providing primary and community health services, and for commissioning a full range of hospital sercvices for local people. As with all NHS Trusts, the Cumbria Primary Care Trust is required to conduct a self-assessment related to its compliance with national Core Standards for Health. The results reflect a significant improvement in compliance levels, as compared to the previous year. The newly initiated project Closer to Home provides a unique opportunity for the people in North Cumbria to get high quality health care support as close to their own homes as possible, by working together with the NHS. For specialist care, faster access to first-class services is provided through hospitals (NHS Cumbria, 2008). The Redbridge Council of the London Borough of Redbridge has a Cabinet consisting of ten cabinet members required to carry out various duties under portfolios such as adult social services, community safety, budget and performance, housing and health, planning and regeneration and others. The five main responsibilities of the Cabinet are in the areas of budget and policy framework, promotion of the economic, social or environmental well-being of the region, leading the search for best value with the help of Scrutiny Committees, towards continuous improvement in the delivery of services, to exercise all the powers and duties of the Council, and to implement the requirements of Social Inclusion and Equal Opportunities in the delivery of services (Redbridge Council, 2008). Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council The Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council has twelve departments, with its Social Services Department employing 2500 staff appointed at more than one hundred locations in the region. The council is a unitary authority. The policy of Wigan Council is decided upon after debates held by elected councillors who sit on the full council, and the executive cabinet, with the assistance of committees and the guidance of policy panels (Wigan Council, 2008).The various issues that the Council covers include health, affordable housing, asylum seekers, police resourcing, school meals, teenage pregnancy, youth substance misuse, and several others. Select committees undertake a series of reviews of work done on the above issues and submit a final report to the Overview and Scrutiny Committee (Wigan Council, 2008). Chorley Borough Council This is a district authority that provides many public services for residents, businesses and visitors. In the local government, Chorley is regarded as a "two-tier" area, that is where district or borough councils work together with Lancashire County Council, to provide services on

Statistics for managers class discussion wk9 Coursework

Statistics for managers class discussion wk9 - Coursework Example The logistic regression model involved the development of an approximated multiple regression equations. The probability prediction that a customer belongs to a particular client group was the dependent variable. On the other hand, the measures of shopping behaviors of customers, represented as x1, x2, x3, . . . , xp, were the independent variables in the regression analysis. The independent variables included the day/hour of purchase, items purchased, and amount purchased. The logistic regression analysis was useful in the sense that it helped the marketers of dunnhumby to identify the most crucial independent variables as far as predicting customer population and customer group is concerned. In view of how dunnhumby applied the multiple regression model, the model can also be used in other business scenarios. For example, an automobile company such as GM Motors can use a multiple regression analysis to identify its customer shopping behavior, season of shopping, customer preferences, and customer experiences, for a particular model of car sold at a given price. It will help the company to produce and distribute the car that most consumers prefer in the largest quantity. Besides, Amazon.com can use a multiple regression analysis to determine the items that are bought most frequently by customers, the month that most customers visit the website to check the item, and the amount of items purchased within a period. Subsequently, Amazon will develop an interface that enables all customers to preview the featured item and perhaps buy it. Fundamentally, multiple regression analysis allows the determination of the connection between multiple independent variables and one depend ent variable. However, it has the major drawback that it makes assumptions that need to be checked. In addition, multiple regression analysis uses unknown independent variables to draw conclusions and make recommendations. Overall,

North American Culture and Multinational Firm Advertising Research Paper

North American Culture and Multinational Firm Advertising - Research Paper Example This essay "North American Culture and Multinational Firm Advertising" outlines the importance of the right international marketing strategy. Multinational firms may either succeed or fail in their endeavor to incorporate cultural traits and behavior into their marketing and sales initiatives in foreign locales. Multinational firms are usually structured in the same way as a typical local firm (Sankar and Rau 27). However, there are differences in terms of adopting a standard structure, which has to be followed by the sub-companies in line with the complexity of their business practices. In general, these firms may put emphasis on functionality, product, and/or geography, when planning on the standard organizational structure of their subsidiaries (Sankar and Rau 27). The exposure of multinational firms, to an environment where technology and the level of competition are changing is the factor that forces them to adopt new strategies to make sure that their structure is fit to what i s needed in the foreign industry. In most cases, multinational firms adopt a regional organization structure because of the need to develop customized marketing activities that is appropriate to the local culture and situation in a foreign market (Britton 199). This structure is deemed to be the most appropriate organizational form if firms consider localization. This structure is headed by a regional manager instead of a subsidiary manager, who has limited reach to regional offices. Specifically, Avon Products take this organizational form. ... Operation of International Advertising Firms The burden of formulating the right advertising concept for a brand is placed on international advertising firms. Since their services are project based, there is often pressure in meeting the demands of clients, especially when these are multinational firms that have high expectations. The basic goal is to promote the same product under the same brand using a uniform strategy (Sotomayor 131). However, because the goal of a multinational firm is to make an advertisement campaign charismatic to various cultures, localization needs to be adopted (Sotomayor 131). Multinational firms now exist in a global market, where there are varied local rules and expectations (Sotomayor 132). As a result, international advertising firms have to suit the campaign to what is culturally acceptable. For instance, when the first novel in the Harry Potter series was promoted in the United States the title was Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone whereas in other locations, the title was Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (Sotomayor 132). A change like this has to be made so that the audience may well understand the context of the movie and be enticed to watch it. Fundamentally, the type of product or service, that is set to be promoted, is an important element to consider in international marketing. The factor is crucial because there is a possibility that the product or service will not be acceptable, as per the local culture. The study conducted by Chang of multinational firms and localization in China showed that multinational firms from differing industries have differing growths (Figure 2.0). This figure supports those consumption rates of the types products vary from one industry to another (30-31). Figure 2.0 Industry

Molecular Mechanisms of Atrial Fibrillation Essay

Molecular Mechanisms of Atrial Fibrillation - Essay Example Progression in the studies of genetics and molecular biology would assist in dealing with this disease in a better way. Recently studies by Chelu et al (2009) have brought into light the fact that differences in the ionic (mainly Ca 2+) current flow are responsible for causing AF and turning it into a chronic condition. As Brugada points out â€Å"Research efforts to elucidate the molecular basis of AF are focused into two main areas: human genetics and alterations in genetic expression of ion channels† (Brugada, Is Atrial fibrillation a genetic disease?: Molecular Mechanisms in Arial fibrillation). The beating of the heart muscles, according to research, is strictly controlled by a procedure known as ‘Ca 2+ induced Ca 2+ release’. Here we find that the number of Ca ions that are entering through the Cav. 1.2 which is the L type voltage gated Ca ion channel helps in the increase of the release of more Ca ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the intracellular Ca 2+ channels (ryanodine receptor type 2 or RyR2). This influx and release of Ca ions are strictly regulated by the heart muscles for the controlled beating of heart. In AF, where the atria beats rapidly, this rapid beating of the heart leads to production of more Ca ions or Calmodulin- dependent protein kinase II ( CaMKII) phosphorylation of the RyR2. In AF conditions it has also been noticed that L type voltage gated Ca ion channels show a decrease in its amplitude, so it has been deduced that this release of the Ca ions may be due to enhanced functioning of RyR2 channels. There are many reasons as t o why the RyR2 channels may function differently. Earlier it was seen in researches conducted on dogs showing AF conditions, that RyR2 channels remained open in cases having low cystolic Ca ion presence. Another reason as Vest, et al, tells us from his experiments into molecular mechanisms that â€Å"SR Ca2+  leak due to RyR2

Conflict of Interest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conflict of Interest - Essay Example The biasness he will show at that point will give rise to conflicts. Moreover, an example may be, if there is some kind of affection between the boss and the employee and as a result the boss gives advantage to that specific employee. In this process unintentionally or intentionally other employees will suffer and this is what conflict of interests is all about. Now there are actually two types of conflicts; potential conflicts and actual conflicts. The potential conflict occurs when there is a divergence between the personal and professional interests of an individual. The above examples are potential conflict based. The actual conflict depends on the situation not on the actions of the individuals. Nowadays actual conflicts are not as common as potential conflicts are. Potential conflict can be considered as a red flag, which means that the person involved in the conflict must be careful with whatever he is doing before it turns out to transform into an actual conflict. As the pote ntial conflict can take the shape of an actual conflict that is why the officials should remain vigilant and they should keep a keen eye on whatever is happening in the organization (Campbell and Keith, 122-126). Conflict of interest has always been an indicator of moral wrongness. Moral wrongness refers to the act of doing something that is morally wrong. It is prohibited and prevented at all cost but if it happens then the consequences are devastating. There are two reasons on the basis of which conflict of interest are considered as an indicator of moral wrongness; 1. If a person who is involved in the conflict of interest does not know what he is doing, this negligent behavior has an adverse effect on the people he is being biased for and for those whom he is not being bias as well. This is morally wrong because every employee should be treated equally according to his rank and any kind of biasness among the employees will be considered morally wrong. 2. If the people who are su ffering don’t know at the moment that a conflict is taking place and the person who is involved in the conflict also doesn’t reveal this to them, then this whole act will be termed as deception. Deceiving someone is also morally wrong. It not only hurts the person but it also disappoints him. If equal effort is being made then what is the reason of this conflict of interest. Let us take the same example given above. It is related to an organization in which an employer hires his wife for a job. Their personal relation will obviously affect their professional life. The husband will obviously be bias for his wife. He will not consider her as an employee and as a result other employees will suffer. The amount of bonuses and promotions she will get will be much more then the amount given to other employees. Apart from this she will also not be fired for her lousy performance but she will be given many chances to improve herself while other employees will be fired at the in stant no matter how hardworking and efficient they are. This act will sometimes be noticed by the other employees and sometimes they will not be able to note that conflict is taking place. The moment they know that their boss is involved in a conflict they will definitely be disappointed and if in some cases they do not get to know then also the boss will be involved in a case of deception. This act of biasness and deception shows that conflict of interest is always an indicator of

Should the primary objective of management be to increase the wealth Essay - 1

Should the primary objective of management be to increase the wealth of shareholders and owners - Essay Example The objective of management is characterized by four concepts namely goal, scope, definiteness and direction. Managers view objectives as the business values that should be achieved. Therefore, the scope of these values must be well defined, in addition to inclusion of extra goals. Management objectives can be classified as primary, secondary, personal or social. The following paper is a critical debate on the question: Should the primary objective of management be to increase the wealth of shareholders and owners? Focus will be laid on the general objectives of management and the way in which they should be prioritized for maximum benefits. Customer Satisfaction Customer satisfaction is a principle performance estimate in business management (Decker and Learning, 2001). The primary objective of any business management should be focused upon customer satisfaction. This will provide the avenues required for profits that generate wealth of shareholders and owners. The management’s primary objectives should be related to customer satisfaction through the provision of saleable goods and services in the market. These goods should be reliable, have standard quality, competitive, reasonably priced, technologically produced and insufficient in quantity. The secondary objectives are those strategies that assist in achievement of primary objectives. Personal objectives purposes to benefit individuals in a business organization e.g. increasing the wealth of owners and shareholders. Social objectives maximizes the social gain of the community from an organization e.g. the social responsibilities of the organization to the community. Customer satisfaction includes interaction with customers in an ethical environment. Most traditional business strategists view maximization of the shareholder and owner wealth as the fiduciary obligation of business managers (Shaw, 2009: 572). This view is related to the fact that most shareholders invest in the company on the understanding that the management will steer the company on the strategy of generating profits for them. The view was also presented in an era where most capitalist were obligated to manage their own business enterprises. The recent emergence of joint stock companies meant that the managerial control of corporations has technically been divorced from ownership. However, business theorists have failed to establish a mechanism that can harmonize the interests of managers and shareholders to prevent the former from enriching themselves at the expense of the latter. This is has been proven by the recent behavioural trends whereby the managers awards themselves lux urious pay and remuneration packages without any benefits to the shareholders. Managing Efficiency Efficiency is the guiding principle for any successful business. There is no business that has ever risen to top of the industry through slow, outdated and clunky management practices. In the current business environment, the management that only focuses on compliance to stockholder expectations while ignoring inefficiency does not succeed (Morris, Schindehutte and Allen, 2005: 726-735). The imperative issues that should be recognized include cost

Today's Crisis - 2009 vs. 2007 Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Today's Crisis - 2009 vs. 2007 Crisis - Essay Example Some of the biggest financial companies of the world, including Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch, have collapsed completely during this time (Savona et al., 2011, p.295). The crisis situation involves large number of aspects from restructuring of financial markets to that of economic policies across the globe (Kent et al., 2011, p.128). This decline has caused the decline in the financial as well as monetary system of countries across the globe. The financial crisis of 2009 has been a continuation of the financial crisis of 2007. This crisis has occurred because of the failure of world financial system to cope up with the growing level of demand for different goods and services and capital accumulation. This fact has been accelerated by the fact that during this time the rate of unemployment across the globe has reached a very high level (Poole, n.d., p.442). This paper is aimed at providing an analytical perspective of the crises situations. Global effects: The world economy has be en facing a 30% risk of entering into the depression. This figure has been coined according to the â€Å"Economist Intelligence Unit†. The London consultancy has defined the fact that an economic or a financial depression as growth or development process in the developed as well as developing world averaging lower than 1% per year between the time period of 2009 and 2013. There has been a 60% chance that the fiscal as well as monetary policies now being implemented will stabilise the world economy by the next year that it said. "Deflation would be characterised as mass bankruptcies and job losses," the London consultancy argued. A third situation in which lessening assurance in the US directs to the dollar getting dumped contains a 10% probability, it argued. The â€Å"International Monetary Fund† observes the global economy contracting 2012 for the very first time since times of â€Å"Second World War†. The â€Å"Economist Intelligence Unit† has estimate d 95 nations are at "high" or at "very high" risk of economic or financial unrest (World 'faces 30% risk of depression', 2009). Several banks across the country have failed or collapsed due to the prevalence of the financial crisis situation. These banks have been acquired by other banks or financial corporations. Hence, the negative effects have been exposed to the level of customer confidence on the banking and financial system of the country (Failed Bank List, 2012). The profundity of the financial and economic recession as well as widespread deflation has suggested the fact that nominal monetary policy rates are required to fall into negative region in order to supply sufficient incentive, which is impossible. Theoretically, in the equilibrium, the cost of acquired capital in respect to the aggregate economy must roughly be comparable to the rate of growth of nominal GDP. This is used as the substitute for the rate of capital return in respect to the aggregate economy). Both the se policy rates as well as the rates of growth of GDP values have been reduced during this time of deep financial recession across the globe (A World Of Credit Easing, 2009). Also the creation of large number of tent cities across the US has revealed the severity of the crises situations which have been outcomes of greater level of job losses and loss of houses. These tent cities have been found in New York and in New Jersey to a great extent (USA tent 'cities' on rise as US economy crumbles (23Dec11).flv, 2012). Effects on UAE: The emerging market (EM) nations in the â€Å"Middle East and North Africa† (MENA) region (which also incorporates UAE and all other GCC nations) have been comparatively insulated from the effect of the crisis

Golden Age of Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Golden Age of Capitalism - Essay Example This was a time when commerce was being revolutionized with the emergence of new technologies in transport and communication which facilitated the international markets. Railroads and steamships were used for land transportation of goods. This gave birth to the international market with goods being transported between countries such as America and England. The development of international commerce in manufactures on such a scale was only possible because of an increase in international flows of capital and the international provision of financial services (Milward 22). This was evident in post world war II economy of Europe. By 1950 more a great percentage of the income of foreign nations such Denmark was from foreign trade with other nations. The exchange rate between national currencies was stable despite the intensity among warring nations that was building up. As a result nations were able to prosper and grow economically and promote interdependence. The standard of living for ma ny citizens was at the time much better and continued to improve with the increase in the national income per capita as a result of economic success. Over the period 1950-70, the rate of growth of output in the construction sector was between 4 and 7 per cent a year over Western Europe as whole, and thus somewhat higher than the rate of growth of total output (Milward 52). This added to the success and economic dependence of nations after World War II. Thus different sectors of different nations that specialized in a trade to facilitate growth, rose considerably. The trade deficit with the dollar zone increased threefold between 1951 and 1957 (Milward 182). This increased output and western Europe had a surplus that was unprecedented. Help extended to the citizens of a nation post war was crucial in establishing the state as a means for the people to better themselves. The sweeping reform of the German pensions systems in 1955-7 , a bid by the Christian Democratic Union for a long-term middle class electoral support, had little in common, for example with the extension of public welfare in Sweden or Norway except an adherence to the view that the stability of the state required a positive response to the demand for welfare (Milward 47). This was important in conveying to the public that in accordance with the welfare policies in place, they too were to contribute to the growth of the economy in the countries mentioned. In my persp ective, this was a time of great trials and tribulations, those getting richer were foreign investors, bankers and merchants. Governments dealt a hand, and immersed their economies in the growing world market. This period thus gave rise to a flurry of new job opportunities in transportation and communication. The post-war reconstruction of nations aided by technological advancements was meant to rebuild the economy, promote industrialization and modernization. As a result of the success achieved in this endeavor, it was necessary for the governments to maintain it for purposes of achieving economic dependence. Political stability of this age put participating countries in the forefront of international trade, investments, travel and migration which increased more than any other period. It is incredible how nations were able to experience a period that was high in economic growth as a result of transportation and communication advancements. This period was unique and cannot at this time be

Auto World Inc Essay Example for Free

Auto World Inc Essay Auto World Inc. (AWI) is a leading automotive retail and service chain. They have many operating segments comprised of two different centers 10 miles apart from each other. Pit Stop Centers (PSC) offer service labor, installed merchandise, and tires while their Auto Boyz Centers (ABC) sells automotive merchandise. AWI has a plan to close their operating segment PSC to change their current operating structure to improve and efficiently deliver retail products and automotive services by providing their customers with a ‘one stop’ shopping for ‘do-it-yourself’ retail customers and ‘do-it-for-me’ customers† (PSC Case). AWI expects this change to enhance their ability to increase market share, improve sales, and company earnings. This change in restructuring will have an effect on current earnings and will need to be reported properly in their 2007 Income Statement. AWI must report this continuing activity properly under US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). The FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC), commonly known as GAAP has specific standards that must be followed in order to classify the disposal of an entity as discontinued or continues operation of a component of an entity. Under the guidance of numerous ASC’s, AWI does not meet the two conditions to report their PSC closures as discontinued operations. The criteria used, assessment period, presentation, and disclosure for this retail company will be explained in detail when applying proper GAAP. A component of an entity comprises operations and cash flows that can be clearly distinguished, operationally and for financial reporting purposes, from the rest of the entity; it may be a reportable segment or an operating segment, a reporting unit, a subsidiary, or an asset group in which Auto World determined correctly under the first requirement that the PSC met the definition of a â€Å"component of an entity† (ASC 205-20-20). The two conditions for reporting the disposed transaction as discontinued operations are: The results of operations of a component of an entity that either has been disposed of or is classified as held for sale under the requirements of paragraph 360-10-45-9, shall be reported in discontinued operations in accordance with paragraph 205-20-45-3 if both of the following conditions are met: 1. The operations and cash flows of the component have been (or will be) eliminated from the ongoing operations of the entity as a result of the disposal transaction. 2. The entity will not have any significant continuing involvement in the operations of the component after the disposal transaction (ASC 205-20-45-1). Several steps below will be used to explain why the disposal of the PSC stores should be considered a continuation of operations rather than discontinue of operations (ASC 205-20-55-3). These three steps along with their respective answers are also depicted in a flow chart (see Appendix A). Step one asks are continuing cash flows expected to be generated by the ongoing entity? Yes, the continuing cash flows are being generated by ABC from transactions with customers from PSC. Step two asks if the continuing cash flows result from a migration or continuation of activities. The continuing cash flows are the result of a migration from the closed PSC’s to the â€Å"one stop† ABC. ABC sells products similar to those sold in the closed retail stores. After the closure of the Pit Stop Centers, Auto World estimates that there will be continuing cash flows from the sale of automotive services and tires by the ongoing ABC’s of approximately $600 million. Auto World estimates that the Pit Stop Centers would have generated approximately $700 million of sales absent the disposal transaction (PSC Case). Step three asks if the continuing cash flows are significant. Yes, the ongoing ABC estimates the continuing cash inflows will approximate 86 percent (see Appendix B) of that would have been generated by PSC’s absent the disposal transaction. AWI is expecting these actions to generate significant cash flow in 2007 and to increase free cash flow in 2008. AWI is also expecting to yield improvements in operating earnings of approximately $58 million in 2008 to be significant leading to the classification as a discontinued operation to be inappropriate (ASC 205-20-55-70). Since stakeholders rely on financial statements to base their decisions and to project future cash flows, current information presented must be accurate under GAAP Under the second requirement, one issue I have identified is the intentions of management’s decisions to improve their company’s net earnings. The professional literature I relied on are these two statements, â€Å"the actions we are announcing today will further enhance our ability to increase market share and improve sales and earnings at our company† and â€Å"in this regard, we remain committed to the automotive business and we expect to deliver significant additional profitable growth† were made by Mr. Bobby, chairman and chief executive officer. When considering the use and disclosure of restructuring charges, depending on the industry, there should not be re-occurring â€Å"restructuring cost† line item on the Income Statement year after year. Closing the PSC stores as of the second quarter in June 2007 is an event taking place in 2007 which can happen only once. If management continues to show this type of special/unusual charge in future periods, the question of integrity should be raised. Management does not want to give off the impression of possibly smoothing earnings by using restructuring charges. â€Å"Once a decision to restructure is made, GAAP requires companies to estimate the future costs they expect to incur to carry out the restructuring for such things as plant closings (AWI currently estimates it will incur restructuring and other charges totaling $52 million pre-tax). These estimated restructuring costs are then charged to an expense account with an offsetting credit to a liability account (Restructuring reserve) in the current period† (Revsine, pg 155). In developing my recommendation and conclusion for resolving this issue, management should make a foot note explaining these changes which will allow stakeholders to make better decisions. The new re-structured ABC will continue to sell automotive parts that were previously sold through the PSC’s, and under the ASC, PSC store closures are not considered and cannot be reported as a discontinued operation in AWI’s second quarter financial statements. The continuing cash flows are being generated by ABC from transactions with customers from PSC, given by the level of significance of 86 percent for this continuing cash flow subsequent to the disposal transaction.

Safe System of Work for Equipment at Height

Safe System of Work for Equipment at Height Introduction Construction industry’s industrial accidents is more than other industries. The accident rate per 1000 workers was 35.9. Among which the highest number of deaths involved in working at height. Which were related to â€Å"fall of person from height†. Working at height in the construction work involving of temporary or transient working environment condition means a lot of inherent hazards and potential hazards. Construction work, safety in the work place is very important, it is essential. Therefore, must take the necessary security measures to ensure the safety operation. Background I am a manager of the Engineering Department of Excellent Property Management Limited. Recently, I observe that fatal accidents involving working at height is a major trend in 2013. While the workers of our company and the outsourced contractors in the estates and plazas are using various facilities in performing their jobs in working at heights. Objective A study of four commonly used equipment for working at height: ladders, mobile type tubular scaffolds, elevated working platforms and bamboo scaffolds. Analyze their function, limitations, risk and encountered in the work processes. Provide relating local safety legislations, Codes of Practices and guidance to the workers. It should to develop for the safe system of work. Which procedural inspected work tasks to find the potential hazards, Inherent risks. Providing the safety and heath policy or strategies in controlling the hazards and demonstrate the understanding of common health and safety management system. Equipment for working at height The common of equipment in working at height: ladders, mobile type tubular scaffolds, elevated working platforms and bamboo scaffolds. Ladders Ladders are the most common ancillary tools for working at height. A simple tools for gaining access to higher levels. Therefore, involving highest number of workers are injured while working at height. Functions of ladders: Portable, easy and convenient. Widely used in various construction units. Easy storage Limitations for use of ladders: Inspect the ladder before every times and regularly afterwards. Must check the ladder side and ladder steps has burst, it has broken rung ladder before use, and whether there are loose or anti-slide pedal to lose and so on. Indicate whether the ladder meets safety standards. Pay attention to the ladder’s safe working load, make sure not to exceed the load when using. Where a handhold is available on the ladder. Ladder placed on a firm and level ground Ladders must be firmly in supporting the matter, if not fastened to the ladder, the ladder should be located under one reference help. Ladders only for 2 meters below the lightweight work Not suitable for long duration or high frequency for work at height. Not suitable for long duration or high frequency for work at height. At a height of 2m or more, ladders only be used for access and egress, and not a place to work During ascent, work and descent on ladder, worker should be capable of retaining three points of contact with the ladder. Ladders must be at the proper angle eyes on the supports, the angle is too large or too small can lead to accidents. Strict compliance with the manufacture’s instructions and safety warnings. Risk for use ladders: fall of person from height The footwear is from mud or grease before climbing up a ladder. The ladder is unstable and resting on an uneven and soft soil ground. The insufficient space behind the steps to provide a proper footing. Never overload the ladder, more than one person is working from a ladder Which should be avoided as far as possible for using ladders: Use any ladder that is already bent or ladder steps has burst Connect short ladders together to form long ones. Overstretch the body to either sides of the ladder. Position the ladder at the place where working Paint something on ladder to cover up crack and defects. Ladders are used as a working platform. Not following the manufacture’s instructions and safety warnings. Not compliant with international safety standards. Training for worker: The worker for use ladder must have related safety training or supervise to guidance to the workers. The correct technique for climbing of ladder. (Three-point contact) Elevated Working Platforms The elevated working platforms is very convenient for ancillary tools for working at height. This is considered to be work equipment that prevents a fall. It is a manned to working at height, such as ceiling maintenance work , repair and cleaning the height air conditioning, lighting or external wall. Limitations for use of elevated working platform: Consider the work requirement the carrying capacity, height of elevation, mobility and stability. The elevated working platform should be match for operation site, on the road and environmental conditions and limitation. The safety passageway for access and egress from the elevated working platforms The important point is the manufacturer or the agents company provides training course on operations, inspection, identify risks, initial fault strain, Fault reporting mechanism and operation of the elevated working platforms. Start to inspect and test the platform before use every time Calculate and record the every time loading weight for manned and equipment to be ensure not exceed the limitation maximum safety work loading. Ensure the elevated working platforms have guard-rails is hard, stable and secure. Has a slip-resistant floor. Install of the toe-boards round at the edge of the platform. Ensure the operation is horizontal level during the rising and falling, does not occur uneven phenomenon. Enclosed working area of the elevated working platform to avoid endangering others persons Must wear safety harnesses with lanyards securely attached to platform’s anchorage points. Risk for use elevated working platforms: Fall of person from height for guard-rail loose or broken. The workers by injured on elevated working platform due to the platform move. The elevated working platform and worker are falling due to exceed the limitation maximum safety work loading. Which should be avoided as far as possible for using elevated working platforms: Move the elevated working platforms when the workers still on it Not secure all guard-rails of the elevated working platforms. Excessive dependence and sit on guard-rails of the elevated working platforms. Riding on the guard-rails up to higher level for working. Lean over out of the work platform outside. Ignore the examine, test and maintain the platform regularly. Work in the absence of adequate of adequate training and instructions Training for worker: The worker for use elevated working platform must have related safety training or supervise to guidance to the workers. The worker should be have the following knowledge, before starting to work: detailed safety operating procedures specified by the manufacturer; limitations on using the elevated working platform; limitations on working loading; items to check before using the elevated working platform; and demonstration and practice on the operating procedures. Mobile type tubular scaffolds Mobile type tubular scaffolds is for temporary structure to support work and access platforms. Mobile type tubular scaffolds can be used for different purposes in different construction activities. To building, dismantling and modifying of scaffolding must be carried out in compliance with the Construction Sites (Safety) Regulations and Codes of Practice for Bamboo and Metal Scaffolding Safety of the Labour Department. Limitations for use of mobile type tubular scaffolds: The safety passageway for access and egress from the mobile type tubular scaffolds. Suitable tail: 900mm – 1150mm top rail, 450mm -600mm mid rail and minimum 200mm high toe board. Toe boards must rise at least 200mm. Has a fencing and outriggers in mobile tower Not suitable for outdoor work in strong winds and inclement weather. Provide enough supporting point to fixing the scaffolding to the building. That could have an adverse effect of weather conditions on the scaffolding work should be constantly monitored and should be taken and provide to maintain the stability of the scaffold and the plant, equipment and works. The Scaffolding should be provide and setting with double guard rails and toe boards. Additional measure such as nylon net is also required to prevent materials, tools or equipment falling. The boards and planks should be unpainted so that any defects are readily visible. To building, dismantling and modifying of scaffolding must be conducted by trained worker under the immediate supervision of a competent person. Boards and planks used in the construction of working platform should be protected against splitting. Mobile type tubular scaffolds placed on a firm and level ground, on different ground surface require different support: Hard surface – is sufficient hardness and thickness to support the scaffolding, but preferably to be placed on a base plate. Other surfaces – is any type of flooring or paving which would be penetrated by a standard with a base plate beneath it or if there is doubt about the surface, should be used base plates or metal packing plates at the bottom of the standards. The supports for a scaffold should be maintained in an adequate condition during the life of the scaffold. The width of working platform of the scaffold not less than 400mm. The group of boards across the width of the scaffold should be consistent with the same length, with all boards of the same thickness. The angle of ladder for the ratio of vertical with horizontal level not more than 4 to 1. Risk of toppling when using mobile type tubular scaffolds: Over the carrying capacity for the top of the working platform. A ladder is placed on the top of working platform to extend to gaining access higher level. The tower is placed on sloping or uneven ground. Which should be avoided as far as possible for using mobile type tubular scaffolds: Move the elevated working platforms when the workers still on it Climb a mobile type tubular scaffold when the wheels are unlocked. In windy or severe weather conditions to use a mobile type tubular scaffold for outdoor work. Move the mobile type tubular scaffold when workers or materials still on the working platform. Training for worker: A trained workman has satisfactorily completed a formal training in metal scaffolding works equivalent to any of those mentioned for a competent person or has satisfactorily passed the intermediate trade test for metal scaffolder of the CICTA and possesses at least 1 year of experience in metal scaffolding works. (Under the Construction Workers Registration Ordinance). Inspected by a competent person before being taken into use for the first time. Inspected by a competent person at regular intervals not exceeding 14 days immediately preceding each use of the scaffold. In respect of scaffolding safety, the worker are subject to the requirements of the following regulations: 38A, 38AA, 38B, 38C, 38D, 38E, 38F, 38H, 38I, 48, 49, 52, Bamboo scaffolds Bamboo scaffold is a temporary structure to work and access platforms. Common in the construction , renovation and repair work. Bamboo scaffold use natural material, cheap and can be recycled. While its flexibility suitable for use on any project, workers can quickly change or bamboo cut to the desired length and shape. Bamboo is lightweight, easy to transport, erect and modify and dismantle is shorter time than other type scaffolding. Limitations for use of bamboo scaffolds: Erection and dismantling the bamboo scaffolding must be in compliance with the Construction Sites (safety) Regulations and Codes of Practice of Bamboo and Metal Scaffolding Safety of the Labour Department. The bamboo higher than 15m, should be designed and approved by professional engineer. Should be provide sufficient support point to secure to the bamboo scaffold with the building or structure to prevent collapse. For avoid materials from material, tools and debris from falling should be erect catch-fans, nylon net and protection screen at the bamboo scaffold. Ensure the Form 5 is duly signed and valid. Suitable tail: 900mm – 1150mm top rail, 450mm -600mm mid rail and minimum 200mm high toe board. Risk of using bamboo scaffolds: Toppling when over the carrying capacity for the bamboo platform. Material or tool from falling when no provide sufficient additional measure to prevent from falling. Toppling when no provide sufficient measure to secured the bamboo scaffold to prevent severe weather. Which should be avoided as far as possible for using bamboo scaffolds: In windy or severe weather conditions to use bamboo scaffold for outdoor work. Working when the bamboo scaffolding is unfinished state. Use incorrect and unsafe method to dismantle bamboo scaffolds. Avoid the demolition bamboo falling on the ground directly and immediately, workers should be one pass one or use vertical transport measure to the ground. Training for worker: Erection, alteration and dismantling of bamboo scaffold must be conducted by trained workmen under the immediate supervision of a competent person. Trained workmen must have formal training in, and possess at least 3 years of experience of, bamboo scaffolding work. Legislative requirements and guidance materials Codes of Practice for Bamboo and Metal Scaffolding Safety Codes of Practice for Metal Scaffolding Safety Practical Guide to Working at Height: Ensuring Safe Work Practices Safe System of Work Safety Guide for Bamboo Scaffolding Work Safety at Work – A Guide to Ladders and Elevated Working Platforms Beware of Fall at Work Guidance Notes on Classification and Use of Safety Belts and their Anchorage System Construction Safety – Working at Height Construction Sites (Safety) Regulations Statutory General Duties Requirements under Factories and Industrial Undertakings Ordinance –Section 6. Conclusion Recommendation For the above measure for working at height, there should be avoid working at outdoor when under windy or severe weather environment conditions. In tools, should be provide workers with tool straps to prevent the tools from falling and provide the tools can be extended to avoid: the worker to lean over out of the work platform outside; riding on the guard-rails up to higher level for working; overstretch the body to either sides of the ladder; connect short ladders together to form long ones. Mark the carrying capacity indicates on the measure prominently displayed to ensure not overload. Clean up the ground near at working at height to reduce the workers from falling additional damage. Use the ladders for working at height should be provide more one worker to accompanied the work, who is responsible for tool storage to avoid the ladder user loss of balance. Considering work preparation and authorization requires at the start of any job. Ensuring safe work methods and necessary measures and including a safe means of access and escape. References: Codes of Practice for Bamboo and Metal Scaffolding Safety (Labour Department) Codes of Practice for Metal Scaffolding Safety (Labour Department) Practical Guide to Working at Height: Ensuring Safe Work Practices (Hong Kong Housing Authority) Safety Guide for Bamboo Scaffolding Work (Labour Department) Safety at Work – A Guide to Ladders and Elevated Working Platforms (Labour Department) LC Paper No. CB(2)279/13-14(05) – (Legislative Council Panel on Manpower) Code of Practice on the Design and Construction of Tower Working Platforms – (Electrical and Mechanical Services Department) Industry-based Committees Bulletins 41th Issue, Safe Use or Mobile Aluminum Towers – (Occupational Safety’s Health Council)

The eight Stages of Development

The eight Stages of Development Article: A Personality Measure of Erikson ´s Life Stages: The Inventory of Psychosocial Balance Source: Journal of Personal Assessment, 1990 Summary: Theses article deals with all the eight Erikson ´s psychosocial stages. A pool of 208 items that survived a clinical analysis was administered to 528 subjects and then factor analyzed. It focuses on life-span development. Due to this fact, the study reports on the development and initial validation of an instrument, the Inventory of psychosocial balance (IPB). It was designed to measure all eight stages, with a primary focus on its implementation to adult subjects. The method is composed of a scale development, subjects and a factor analysis. The analysis of Ericson`s eight stages resulted in an initial pool of 346 items, written to reflect both positive and negative aspects of the eight stages. Each item was five-point Likert response format ranging from strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (5). In addition the pool was administered to 528 subjects. The sample was quite heterogeneous. The respondent had to rate 0%-100% scale, how successfully they had met each of 19 life challe nges for example productive person, trusting other people or loving someone etc. The 528 IPB protocols were submitted to a factor analysis using a principal component and a correlational analysis with self-ratings of life challenges. The factor analysis eight meaningful factors corresponding to the eight stage: trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity and ego integrity. The total variance accounted for by the eight factors is 72,34 %, with the trust factor having the largest percentage of variance (17,46%) and the Ego Integrity factor having the smallest (5,47%). The evidence presented suggests that the IPB is an psychometrically reliable and valid instrument to analyze life-span to approach personality development. The IPB shows adaptive range of subjects , from college age adolescents to elderly and its reliability and validity appear satisfactory. The IPB represents a vertical translation of Erikson`s psychosocial stages. 2. Article: Psychology Development and Friendship Functions in Adolescence Source: Sex Roles, Vol. 25 Summary: The articles is about the relationship between friendship variables and adolescent psychosocial development, in particular identity and psychosocial intimacy as focused by Erikson. This research includes sex differences. Erikson rather did not explicitly postulate differentepigenetic charts for males and females, nor did he suggest different processes for males and females in terms of movement through the experiences of crisis and commitment at each stage of development. The aim of the present research was to investigate different styles of identity and intimacy development through examination (a) of whether the sexes differed in their relative proportions across these different styles, and (b) whether specific friendship beliefs and characteristics were associated with the different styles. The styles were defined by establishing four groups based on high and low scoring on the identity and intimacy measures used. In fact, friendship patterns are likely to be relevant to both identity and intimacy formation, although their meanings and importance may well vary for males and females. One hypothesis tested in the present study, therefore, was that females and ma les would be unequally distributed across developmental style, with relatively more males choosing the High Identity road tomaturity and relatively more females the High Intimacy style. In contrast to this hypothesis the research shows that there were no differences between the sexes in their choice of developmental style. But those in the high-identity-high-intimacy and the high-identity-low-intimacy groups were more satisfied with their friendships, which appeared affectively richer. In addition the friendship during adolescence and youthhas an unique and important influence in the life of the individual. The research appears that there are differences between same- and opposite-sex friendships. Sex differences showed that while friendship variables were more strongly chained with development for boys, girls viewed their relationships as closer and imputed more importance to this closeness. The method is composed of a sample of secondary school students and college students. Subje cts were drawn from two secondary schools and two colleges, each ofthese institutions serving students from middle to lower middle class areas. The attendant were asked friendship questions, which were divided in four sections: Section ADemographic variables; Section BIntimacy and Identity scales; Section CGeneral friendship information; Section D-Specific best friend information. The total questionnaire took about 30 minutes to complete. For example in section B, the identity and intimacy measures administered were subscales of the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory. The EPSI is a self-report inventory that measures resolution of the conflicts associated with the first six of Eriksons psychosocial stages. Items are rated on a 5-point scale ranging from almost always true to hardly ever true. In order to investigate the relationships between two sets of friendship factors (General factors and Specific Close Friendship (Same Sex)) and other variables of concern, factor scores on eachfactor were computed, using the regression method. In conclusion friendship and romantic relationships developed with psychosocial maturity, independently (as far as can be judged by this research), but not as alternatives. 3. Article: Generativity Versus Stagnation: An Elaboration of Eriksons Adult Stage of Human Development Source: Journal of Adult Development, Vol. 10, No. 1, January 2003 Summary: This research focuses on the adult stage of generativity vs. stagnation by Erikson`s psychosocial development. The research offers new concepts which are associated to Eriksons theory of development in the form of 7 psychosocial conflicts. The stage of generativity versus stagnation represents the major conflict of adulthood. The research starts with an Eriksonian viewpoint, and then, makes changes to argue for a competing conception, which could be understood within Eriksons original proposal and placed within the developmental chart. The research appears a tentative explanation of how each major stage of development takes form during adulthood and it also shows an impression of how these conflicts fill out Eriksons theory. 7 psychosocial conflicts are analyzed: inclusivity vs. exclusivity, pride vs. embarrassment, responsibility vs. ambivalence, career productivity vs. inadequacy, parenthood vs. self-absorption, being needed vs. alienation, and honesty vs. denial. Each conflict is connected to one of Eriksons other stages of development. The analyze try to enlarge Ericson`s 7 conflicts. In conclusion the conflicts could be defined empirically and validated by connecting them with other measures of ego development and generativity. The conflicts and crises of adulthood could be made more clear and at the same time more complex by using the humanities to draw out and illustrate the ramifications of each conflict. There is also a need to connect these ideas with history and broader societal issues. 4. Article: Development and Validation of a Measure of Eriksonian Industry Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991, Col. 60, No. 3, 390-397 Summary: This study place emphasis on the fourth stage of Erikson`s psychosocial development: industry-inferiority. Operationalization of the industry construct was begun by describing it as consisting of three components: skills and knowledge, their application, and affective experience of their acquisition and application in useful directions. These components span the cognitive (Component 1: skills and knowledge), behavioral (Component 2: Application of Skills and Knowledge) and affective domains (Component 3: Attitudes Toward and Experience of the Acquisition and Application of Skills and Knowledge). The process of demonstrating predictive validity for the current measure, a step on the way to establishing construct validity for the concept of industry, consisted of several procedures. The first involved determining the conceptual validity of the current definition of industry by correlating each componentscore both with each other and with the overall mean industry score. Second, childrens own industry scores were correlated with those provided by two categories of observers, teachers and parents. Third, seven variables were selected in order to assess the predictive validity of the new industry measure. Three of these were behavioral and four were based on test responses. The first behavioral measure for example involved observation of classroom behavior, that is, on-task versus off-task performance. Four other variables were formed by items embedded in the Childrens Industry questionnaire (CIQ) and were based on Eriksons theoretical descriptions of correlates to a sense of ind ustry. The final subject pool of this research consisted of 187 pupils from eight classrooms in three public elementary schools. There were 101 boys (54%) and 86 girls (46%). The age range was 8.6-12.8 years. The CIQ as a measure consisted of 47 items assessing the three components of the industry construct and 22 items measuring the expected correlates of industry. Three response modes were used with the CIQ. The most prevalent form (54 items) was the structured alternative format developed by Harter (1982). The child is asked first to decide which kind of child he or she is most like by choosing the child described on the left or right. Once the choice is made, the child is required to decide the extent to which the description is true for him or her on a scale ranging from 1 to 4that is, sort of true or really true, and so fortha score of 1 indicating the lower levels of the industry construct. The second response mode on the CIQ was multiple choice. The third CIQ response mode was open-ended questions. In addition there were used a Teacher Industry questionnaire (TIQ) and a Parent Industry questionnaire (PIQ). In conclusion current findings are generally supportive of the present definition of industry and this measure of it. Significant agreement between different categories of observers, making observations in a number of different ways, and the industry measure was consistently obtained. Results of the present study provide a solid beginning to the process of validating the construct of industry. 5. Article: Psychosocial development in the elderly: An investigation into Eriksons ninth stage Author: Cynthia Brown, Michael J. Lowis Department of Psychology, University College Northampton, Park Campus, Northampton, England. Source: Journal of Aging Studies 17 (2003) 415-426 Summary: In their article Psychosocial development in the elderly: An investigation into Eriksons ninth stage the authors Brown and Lowis want to figure out the exist of a ninth stage regarding to Joan Eriksons suggestion. Because of an increasing number of old people especially in developed countries like Germany or Japan it is necessary to do a research about this. In the end an older society provide new demands, reevaluations and daily difficulties. Even Erik Erikson saw personality as a lifelong developmental process but his theory ends with the eight stage ego integrity versus despair at the age of 65. For their research the authors used a self-report survey with individuals either completing questionnaires themselves or being assisted to do so through closed question interviews. The responses were suitable for coding and subsequent quantitative analysis. Additional qualitative data were obtained through open questions. As a result they found out that the Stage 9 scores for participants aged in their 80s/90s are significantly higher than for those aged in their 60s, but there is no significant difference between Stage 8 scores for the two age groups. But these findings can only be generalized to a wider population when they are confirmed by additional research: the present participants did embrace a range of ages, locations, and living arrangements, but comprised females only, and numbered just 70 individuals in total. Nevertheless the authors produced an instrument that has reliably measured a variable that reaches its ascendancy at an age beyond that normally ascribed to the developmental stage of ego integrity versus despair. And if confirmed, the existence of a Stage 9 would suggest that human beings remain in a situation of potential psychological growth throughout their life span. 6. Article: Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development and Career Development Author: Patrick H. Munley, Veterans Administration Hospital, Lyons, New, Jersey Source: Journal of Vocational Behavior 10, 261-269 (1977) Summary: In this article the author figures out some of the contributions of Erik Eriksons theory of the eight stages of development in providing a developmental perspective on career behavior. First he describes Eriksons Theory of the eight life stages. In his opinion the development of basic senses of initiative, industry, identity, generativity, and integrity all seem to be especially relevant to career development behavior. The theory offers a framework for integrating career development with overall human development. Furthermore Eriksons theory recognizes the role of social and cultural factors in relationship to life cycle development and provides a theoretical framework for integrating research findings on the sociology of career behavior which was already shown by several researches. A third contribution of Eriksons theory is that of the identity crisis and ego identity. Making a vocational choice or commitment is often the first important decision marking the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Thats the reason why one of the major tasks through which identity concerns are expressed in adolescence is the process of making a vocational choice. For example A person who is undecided in terms of career may not just be undecided about a vocation. He may be in the midst of an overall identity crisis. On the other side a person who has a sense of ego identity is probably more able to make appropriate vocational decisions and choices. At the end the author concluded that from both a theoretical and empirical point of view, Eriksons theory seems to provide a promising perspective for viewing career development. He said that The theory offers a framework for integrating career development with overall human development and makes a contribution toward offering a perspective for integrating social factors and personality development with career development. 7. Article: The Recovery Process Utilizing Eriksons Stages of Human Development Author: Suzanne E. Vogel-Scibilia, Kathryn Cohan McNulty, Beth Baxter, Steve Miller, Max Dine, Frederick J. Frese III Source: Community Ment Health J (2009) 45:405-414 Summary: The authors offer a psycho-developmental model that parallels Erik Eriksons theory of human development, and theorize that the process of psychiatric recovery involves a psychic reworking of these fundamental steps. They integrated all the following fundamental components of recovery which were identified by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (2005) into this developmental model: self-direction, individualized and person-centered, empowerment, holistic, non-linear, strength-based, peer-support, respect, responsibility and hope. In the eyes of the authors this builds an understandable, practical framework that allows transformation of traditional programs and therapeutic contacts into recovery-oriented services. The authors propose eight opportunities to resolve conflict in the service of personal growth and development, which parallels Eriksons eight stages. The eight stages are: Trust versus Doubt, Hope versus Shame, Empowerment versus Guilt, Action versus Ina ction, New self versus Sick self, Intimacy versus Isolation, Purpose versus Passivity Generativity and Integrity versus Despair. Based on these eight stages and on Eriksons stages of development they explain and compare the different recovery stages regarding to the recovery process of people. 8. Article: Identity Status Theory and Eriksons Theory: Communalities and Differences Author: Alan S. Waierman, Trenton State College Source: Developmental Review 8, 185-208 (1988) Summary: In this article the author outline the critique of Cà ´tà © and Levine on the identity status theory developed by James Marcia and he compares the theory with Eriksons theory of the eight stages of development. Marcias theory provides four statements: Identity Diffusion (the status in which the adolescent doesnt have a sense of having choices), Identity Foreclosure (the status in which the adolescent seems willing to commit to some relevant roles, values, or goals for the future), Identity Moratorium (the status in which the adolescent is currently in a crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to make choices) and Identity Achievement (the status in which adolescent has gone through a identity crisis and has made a commitment to a sense of identity) , which differ in some important respects from that used by Erikson. The author says that there is basic agreement regarding the construct of identity itself. Erikson, Marcia and other authors using the identity status paradigm are all grasping for the same phenomenon. Furthermore they are the same opinion regarding to the domains in an individuals life that provide the context within which a persons sense of identity is formed. These include vocational choice, religious beliefs, political ideology, sex-role attitudes, and spousal and parenting roles. These are only two communalities of seven which the author claims. But there are also differences between these two theories. First he says that There is a wide divergence between Erikson and the identity status theorists using the identity status paradigm, regarding the viability and utility of the psychoanalytic framework within which the construct of ego identity was originally developed. The next difference is that the identity status paradigm explicitly addresses the more conscious aspects of the task of identity formation which is related to the rejection of psychoanalytic theory by man y identity status theorists and researchers and in contrast to Erikson. There are five more differences which the author figures out in his article. And the end of his article he gives a forecast on identity research. 9. Article : Personality Theories Erik Erikson Author : Dr.C George Boeree From Shippensburg University Source : Original E-Text-Site: [ http://www.ship.edu/%7Ecgboeree/perscontents.html ] Summary : Oglala Lagota, Among the Oglala Lagota, it was traditional for an young teenage or adolescent to go off on his own. Everybody got a dream, you got a dream and I got a dreams. In some case, the dream would lead us into the realm of controlled deviations among the everybody. Eight states start from infancy on the oral sensory state, the second is the anal muscular stage, third state is genital-locomotor stage or play age, fourth state is the latency stage or school age child from 6-12, five state is adolescence. Its beginning with puverty and ending around 18 for 20 years old, six I dont know what stage name, writer not giving it. Which lasts from about 18 to about 30. The ages in the adult stage are mush fuzzier than in the childhood stages. And people may differ dramatically. 7 stage is that of middle adulthood. The middle life crisis, if you success at this stage, you will have a capacity for carring that serve you through the rest of your life. Reffered to delicalely as late adulth ood or maturity, or less delicately as old ages of last stage, begins sometimes around you retirement after the kids have gone say somewhere around 60. Its the stage just see the good thing and bad. 10. Article : Using Erikson to Work More Effectively with Teenage Parents Author : Lorraine DeJong Source : www.naeyc.org/resources/journal. Summary : According to the article, its talk about the using Ericksons theory to tech young mothers. If we see in article, well know more of quantity of teenager parent in U.S.A. Its very big problem because of the rate of pregnancy in teenagers become higher and it will be a social problem. But how Ericksons theory concern with this article? The writer gives the idea that it can help teacher understand teenager parent emotion and the need of them. The writer selects the stage 1 to 5 because it concern about teenager ages. Stage1 is talk about infancy. If the teenager lacking a trust in the world, it will effect to her baby, she will reject advice of teacher. Stage2-Toddlerhood, if young mother grow without responsibility, she may reprove about her difficulties. May be she wont take care of her child. Stage3-Preschoolyears, without the positive guide line in this stage, an adolescent may luck in basic sense of inquisitiveness, ambition, and empathy, she may not interest in her child. Stage4-School-ageyears, if teenager fails in success in this stage, she may feels incompetent and inferior. And the last-Adolescence, everything depend on the past if they didnt get trust, autonomy, initiative, and industry, they may show behavior that hazard for positive identity development. After the effect of Ericksons theory of teenager parent, a writer gives the suggestion for developing trust; autonomy, initiative, and industry such as find the way to indentify teenager, train teenagers show and manger responsibility, and etc. If adolescence mother have a good personality development technique, she will care about her responsibility to take care her child. Its very important to consider because every stage have a meaning in term of them, if it lack or gone, it will affect to feeling of the mothers and the problem will on children. 11.Article : Trust, Identity, and Ego Integrity: Modeling Eriksons Core Stages Over 34 Years. Author : Joel R. Sneed, Susan Krauss Whitbourne, Michelle E. Culang Source : Summary For this article, Writers study in Erikson development stages in term of core stage that consist of stage1, stage5, and stage8. Stage1-Trust that study in term of continuity and wholeness in the self and in another. Stage5-identity that study in the self and social. And the last is Ego integrity that study about exceeds of individual lifecycle. They take a hypothesis to examine the last investigations on the RALS that results are as follow: Stage1 is stable from ages 20 to 42, increasing in stage5 for ages 20 to 31 but stable in ages 31 to 42 and the last stage8 decreases in ages 31 to 42. After they use multilevel modeling testing, writers found the difference development trajectories across child and middle adulthood in each core stage. The first stage, writers predict endure stable over adult but after testing, the value increases in trust over a 34-year period. And next is stage5 follow Erikson set the time of the Identity ages 20 to beyond, but the present test show that substantial not occur until the late of ages 20 and early ages 30. And the last is stage8 that it value is decreasing. But in fact it will increase that affect from environment on personality. 12.Article : Eccles Development of Children Ages 6-14. Author : Jacquelynne S. Eccles Source : The Future of Children WHEN SCHOOL IS OUT Vol. 9 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No. 2 Fall 1999 Summary : This article summarized stage 4 of Ericson, the major developmental change that take place from 6-14 years old. Both article provide an overview of the kind of biological, psychological, and social changes that characterize the years between 6 to 14 for article from Eccles to facilities the our research. For children years in stage 4 is a critical period to knowing themselves. And during this time, children will grow to adults who have the power, have a freedom, feel free to participate in family. Physical insight will change the mental condition. A social role will change and pass quickly when they enter the school or doing activities with other outside the family. During mid-childhood,, they will begin to compare themselves with other, they expect success and failure, they might develop and transition to other challenges in many years. During early adolescence is they will confuse with physical and the social theat change from the start. They have a freedom and distance between the family. Meanwhile, the problem may occur. They may lose of confidence and have a negatives behavior such as abandonment of duty or resigned from the school. 13. Article : College-Educated Womens Personality Development in Adulthood: Perceptions and Age Differences Author : Alyssa N. Zucker et all Source : Journal of Adult Development, 8, p. 28. Summary : The researcher study the different between the perception of women in each age groups. Procedures and level of personality development in social change. And they recognize that confidence in each age range. The specific timing and different forms in adults and children. Research to look for reasons and what limits to reflect the development of personality in the beginning to the end of life. Characteristics of personality development in the next phase of maturity We use the information for the study of the College of Education to consider the possibility that adults are better developed. The development will be personality kick picture pros and cons are different. Women are more concerned than men. Concerns that arise are the future, career, financial, and family. Even maternity Developed differently in each generation. Women age 40-60. Will develop faster in women age 20. State conditions because of different concerns of people in each generation. A group of teenagers are relatively private world is much less likely to develop their own personality to fit the outside world. Development must have their own ways to develop the correct principles of personal. 14. Article : From Trust to Intimacy: A New Inventory for Examining Eriksons Stages of Psychosociai Development Author : Doreen A. Rosenthal, 1.4 Ross M. Gurney, 2 and Susan M. Moore 3 Source : Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 10, No. 6, 1981 Summary : Trust to intimacy is related to the six stages of Eriksons is the relationship of each stage the adolescent ,adulthood the adjustment of adolescents in terms of differences in race thought and attitude comparison of thought , maturity , moral and the decision of the human of each stage. The some information from researchers, other who have. Both the consistent and distinctive have a reasons for supporting the theory of them self. The attitude, ethics of each stage is different. The problem of behavior or personality of human and experienced is effect on the cause of the research or evidence that the theory is accepted six stage of Erikson 15. Article : The Learning Disabled Adolescent: Eriksonian Psychosocial Development, Self-Concept, and Delinquent Behavior Author : Daniel B. Pickar and Christopher D. Tori Source : Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 15, No. 5, 1986 Summary : This journal study about disabled adolescents on three variables: Eriksons stages of psychosocial development, self-concept, and delinquent behavior. It was predicted that learning disabled adolescents would show significantly less resolution of Eriksons fourth stage, industry versus inferiority The researchers focus on the affective and motivational and use Eriksons psychosocial theory to understanding the social and emotional difficulties of learning disable adolescence. The development of an adequate feeling of competence is the critical task of a sense development and the effective in interactions with the environment. The researcher use statistical standard of Two-way ANOVA concern with the EPSI data, The Piers-Harris Childrens Self-Concept Scale and Delinquency Checklist. To find to result of significant of gender effect between learning disable and non-learning disable groups. Measure the significant of group and gender interaction. The comparison group of the self-concept of learning disabled adolescents showed that these youngsters self-concept was not significantly different than nondisabled but learning disabilities are significantly related to juvenile delinquency. Hypothesized that learning disabled adolescents would demonstrate more negative self-concept and report more delinquent behavior than their nondisabled peers. The hypothesis that learning disabled adolescents would engage in more delinquent behavior than nondisabled adolescents was not supported. The self-report delinquency data indicated that learning disabled and nondisabled adolescents participated in the same kinds and amounts of delinquent behavior. The results of this study to provide more understanding of the psychosocial development of adolescence on different variables. 16. Article : The Course and Psychosocial Correlates of Personality Disorder Symptoms in Adolescence: Eriksons Developmental Theory Revisited Author : Thomas N. Crawford,1 Patricia Cohen,2 Jeffrey G. Johnson,3 Joel R. Sneed,4 and Judith S. Brook5 Source : Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 33, No. 5, October 2004, pp. 373-387 ( C _ 2004) Summary : Researchers focus on personality disorder in adolescents have been related with developmental patterns of behavior measured with dimensional symptom scales, personality disturbances are age-related trends in personality development. How it reflect to developmental processes in long-term risks for personality development. To understanding of how personality disorders impact on normal psychosocial development, this study used longitudinal data from a community sample to track declines in personality disorder symptoms from early adolescence to young adulthood. They used it to formulate hypotheses about how personality disorders would impact on the normative tasks of adolescence and young adulthood: (1) developing an internal sense of well-being through the consolidation of identity and (2) establishing intimacy in the form of lasting and committed romantic relationships. Although researchers now agree that identity formulation is a life-long process, adolescence and young adulthood provide the first real opportunity to develop a sense of continuity with the past, meaning in the present, and direction for the future. Identity consolidation thus emerges as the cornerstone of the capacity to do well and forms the basis of self-acceptance and self-esteem. Identity diffusion is known to share many characteristics with personality disorder symptoms according to a community-based sample of adolescents to determine whether age-related declines in Axis II symptoms are related with increases in well-being during adolescence and interpersonal intimacy during adulthood to focus on borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic symptoms (Cluster B symptoms). Two groups of sample were investigated to determine if age-related declines in Cluster B symptoms are associated with increases in well-being and interpersonal intimacy during adolescence and early adulthood. To the extent that personality disor

Macbeth and Lady Macbeth - Who Has the Greater Guilt? :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Greater Guilt - Macbeth or Lady Macbeth ? Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, is an exciting story containing all kinds of plots and murders. The characters that are killing and are planning murders are all very deceiving and treacherous. Two of the most dangerous criminals in this play are Lady Macbeth and her husband. Together they commit the most dreadful murder by killing the King; Duncan. This is why it is difficult to determine which one of these two carries the greatest guilt, because they each do their own part in committing the crime.   Lady Macbeth would prepare the plan and then encourage Macbeth to go through with it.   Macbeth did the actual murdering, he was also the first person who thought about killing Duncan. Furthermore he did some killing on his own. Lady Macbeth did not have any involvement in these cases.   Based on these facts, Macbeth would be found more guilty than Lady Macbeth. The very first murder in this story   was committed on Duncan. This crime was planned by both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. The actual murder was done by Macbeth, making him more guilty of the crime.   Lady Macbeth just talked about committing the crime, but she never actually went through with it nor would she ever, and that is all that counts.   Talking about committing the incident is very different from actually doing it.   Lady Macbeth did a little more than just talk about it though. She also urged Macbeth into doing it and that is what makes her part of this crime, but she is not as guilty as Macbeth.   He really didn't have to listen to what his wife said. Macbeth had a mind of his own and he could make his own decision.   The other murders that Macbeth was involved in were not committed by him, but were ordered by him. The people who did the killing had no choice, they had to do it, because they worked for Macbeth.   Macbeth knew this and was a bit more guilty in t hese murders then lady Macbeth was when she urged him.

Management of Change Essay -- essays research papers

Management of Change Journal Personal/Interpersonal Change Entry 1: On Thursday night February 10th, I left work at 8:30 p.m. Earlier that day my boyfriend asked if I had plans to go out that night. At the time I felt tired and I said no. Once I got home my friends called and asked if I would go to Riley’s with them and of course I did. I am the type of person that doesn’t go out very often, because I stay so busy with school and by the end of the day I’m usually too tired. I was out having a good time with the girls, when he called and asked where I was. I told him I was at Riley’s with some friends; I could tell by the sound of his voice he wasn’t happy with the situation. His behavior became aggressive, and because I had been drinking I became defensive. Some of the friends I went out with that night he seems not to get along with and feels that they have a negative influence on me. The conversation ended with him hanging up on me. We both engaged in aggressive behavior, because we were yelling at each other and said some things that normally would not have been said if we would have dealt with the situation differently. I lost focus of the problem because of anger and neither of us got our point across. I should have called and let him know ahead of time that I was going out with my friends and none of this would have happened. From this situation I have learned to be more considerate towards him with my actions and communicate without saying things out of anger that occur from the situation. The Material we covered in class relating to aggressive behavior is that we both expressed our feelings in a negative inappropriate fashion. We both also lost the message during expression because we both became angry and the point wasn’t conveyed properly. He also wasn’t positively influencing my behavior, because I just became angry and defensive with him. He became aggressive when I told him where I was at, and I didn’t call before I had went out to Riley’s. I became aggressive when he crossed on my side of the invisible net, and said the friends I was with was a negative influence. I learned that I need to be more responsible with my actions, like calling before I decide to go out and make plans ahead of time. Also instead of raising my tone of voice I should speak more calmly and remain more assertive. Entry 2: Friday afternoon February 11th I was t... ...y problems. So once my sister returned I said thanks for the offer for dinner but I’m going to go ahead and leave. I kissed her and the baby and told them I loved them and I left. I feel that I dealt with the situation correctly because he is the type of person that no one can get along with. This engagement relates to material covered in class because aggressive behavior is behavior expressing personal feelings in an inappropriate way where another person feels violated. He did not convey his feelings to me because he did it in a way that I wasn’t willing to listen to him and his opinion didn’t make any sense at all. I became aggressive when he told me how and what I should do to make my situation better when the advice he was telling me didn’t sound very appealing and I didn’t agree with it. He became aggressive when he realized that I wasn’t listening to any of the information he was telling me. From this situation I have learned that everyone has a different opinion and each person has a different way of expressing their opinion. Its how their opinion is interpreted by the receiver. I feel that I might need to be more open but I don’t agree with certain things he had to say. Management of Change Essay -- essays research papers Management of Change Journal Personal/Interpersonal Change Entry 1: On Thursday night February 10th, I left work at 8:30 p.m. Earlier that day my boyfriend asked if I had plans to go out that night. At the time I felt tired and I said no. Once I got home my friends called and asked if I would go to Riley’s with them and of course I did. I am the type of person that doesn’t go out very often, because I stay so busy with school and by the end of the day I’m usually too tired. I was out having a good time with the girls, when he called and asked where I was. I told him I was at Riley’s with some friends; I could tell by the sound of his voice he wasn’t happy with the situation. His behavior became aggressive, and because I had been drinking I became defensive. Some of the friends I went out with that night he seems not to get along with and feels that they have a negative influence on me. The conversation ended with him hanging up on me. We both engaged in aggressive behavior, because we were yelling at each other and said some things that normally would not have been said if we would have dealt with the situation differently. I lost focus of the problem because of anger and neither of us got our point across. I should have called and let him know ahead of time that I was going out with my friends and none of this would have happened. From this situation I have learned to be more considerate towards him with my actions and communicate without saying things out of anger that occur from the situation. The Material we covered in class relating to aggressive behavior is that we both expressed our feelings in a negative inappropriate fashion. We both also lost the message during expression because we both became angry and the point wasn’t conveyed properly. He also wasn’t positively influencing my behavior, because I just became angry and defensive with him. He became aggressive when I told him where I was at, and I didn’t call before I had went out to Riley’s. I became aggressive when he crossed on my side of the invisible net, and said the friends I was with was a negative influence. I learned that I need to be more responsible with my actions, like calling before I decide to go out and make plans ahead of time. Also instead of raising my tone of voice I should speak more calmly and remain more assertive. Entry 2: Friday afternoon February 11th I was t... ...y problems. So once my sister returned I said thanks for the offer for dinner but I’m going to go ahead and leave. I kissed her and the baby and told them I loved them and I left. I feel that I dealt with the situation correctly because he is the type of person that no one can get along with. This engagement relates to material covered in class because aggressive behavior is behavior expressing personal feelings in an inappropriate way where another person feels violated. He did not convey his feelings to me because he did it in a way that I wasn’t willing to listen to him and his opinion didn’t make any sense at all. I became aggressive when he told me how and what I should do to make my situation better when the advice he was telling me didn’t sound very appealing and I didn’t agree with it. He became aggressive when he realized that I wasn’t listening to any of the information he was telling me. From this situation I have learned that everyone has a different opinion and each person has a different way of expressing their opinion. Its how their opinion is interpreted by the receiver. I feel that I might need to be more open but I don’t agree with certain things he had to say.