Theories in phsychology of business Essay Example for Free

Theories in phsychology of business EssayTelevision advert and website ar the devices of promoting that have an lengthened variety of achieve and they have been overlooked to a greater degree. Individuals have an idea that TV adverts atomic number 18 for those rich individuals and website advert are for who have a machine or the individuals who oftentimes have sufficient energy to visit a digital or arse get to machine. In no time, pass on and progressions on the World Wide tissue are essenti eithery conventional. Associations are making Web pages now and again just to show exceptional. Using the Web for publicizing requires certain supplies and authority, including getting a machine, getting an Internet organization supplier, acquiring (for the most part renting) a Website name, arranging and presenting the Website delineations and diverse limits as required (for example, an online store for e-exchange), propelling the Website (through distinctive web hunt apparatuses, in ventories, et cetera.) and keeping up the Website. Various people dont much consider TV advancements because of the inclination that the commercials are greatly extravagant. They are more extravagant than an extensive share of noteworthy sorts of publicizing. In whatsoever case, with the extending number of telecom organizations and stations, associations may find incredible game plans for orbit attachments or diverse sorts of plugs.Television notices regularly are assessed with near considerations to radio advancements, that is, the do of advancements, the length of advancements and when they are placed reporting progressively. Television types of publicizing can be utilise to reach numerous gathering of people at once and regardless of where demographic the crowd fall, there is a system spreading fitting projects together with advertisements. Website ad have an extensive variety of achieve and they are not confined to topographical obstructions and regardless of where the g roup of onlookers is in any piece of the world and have admittance to web joined machine they can get the advert.Maslows conjecture Maslows pecking order of requirements is a guessing in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in 1943. It is referred as hypothesis of human inspiration. Maslow broadened his thought in including his perception of humans inherent interest Maslows chain of importance of necessities is regularly depicted fit as a fiddle of a pyramid with the biggest, most key levels of requirements at the base and the requirement for self- completion at the top. Maslows hypothesis recommends that the most funda intellectual level of requirements must be met before the individual will firmly want the auxiliary or more elevated amount unavoidably. Maslows hypothesis is utilized in both TV advert and site in that when advert is continuously make the most imperative things are highlighted ab initio emulated by the need that need self-completion. In site the needs that the business needs to promote are sorted from the most essential to the paramount sensations and they are posted on the organizations site or any partner showcasing.Hertzbergs theory Two- factor theory essentials otherwise called HERTZBERGS theory has mentality and their association with recent mental thoroughlybeing are identified with Abraham Maslows hypothesis of inspiration. As per Herzberg, people are not content with the fulfillment of lower-request needs at work for instance, those needs connected with least pay levels or sheltered and average working conditions. Rather, people search for the delight of more elevated amount mental needs needing to do with accomplishment, distinguishment, obligation, progression, and the way of the work itself. Herzberg added another measurement to this hypothesis by proposing a two-component model of inspiration, in view of the thought that the vicinity of one circuit of employment qualities or motivators prompts specialist fulfillme nt at work, while an alternate and separate set of occupation attributes prompts disappointment at work. Subsequently, fulfillment and disappointment are not on a continuum with one expanding as alternate lessens, yet are free phenomena. This hypothesis recommends that to enhance work disposition and benefit, heads must cover and go to both sets of attributes and not accept that an increment in fulfillment prompts diminish in unpleasable disappointment. Two factor hypothesis introductorys is not utilized in either the TV advert and website since this hypothesis is essentially planned for workers and not clients.Vroom expectancy theory It accepts that conduct results from cognizant decisions among plan B whose reason it is to expand delight and minimize torment. Together with Edward Lawler and Lyman Porter, Victor Vroom proposed that the relationship between individuals conduct at work and their objectives was not as basic as was initially envisioned by different researchers. Vr oom understood that a workers execution is focused around people components, for example, identity, aptitudes, information, experience and capacities. Vroom foretaste hypothesis is based to look the certainty of the workers, feelings and view of the organization. This hypothesis is not utilized in TV commercial and the web ad.Freudian theory As per Freud psychoanalytic hypothesis, all psychic vitality is created by the drive. Freud additionally sure that much of human conduct was roused by two driving senses the life impulses and the waiver impulses. The life impulses are those that identify with a fundamental requirement for survival, propagation and joy. They incorporate such things as the requirement for nourishment, haven, love and sex. He additionally proposed that all people have an oblivious wish for death, which he alluded to as the demise impulses. Self-dangerous conduct, he accepted, was one interpretation of the demise drive. In any case, he accepted that these dem ise senses were to a great extent tempered by the life impulses. This hypothesis is nearly utilized in the video recording and site advert since the adverts made are regulated to individuals with fixation at specific stages and with obsession at specific purposes of advancement. The organizations needs to comprehend their customers charisma they are planning to draws in consideration.behavioural Theory Behavior argues that concepts like conflict, anxiety and fixation do not explain behavioral of an individual. Behavior of individual is guided by punishment one receive or rewards given that reinforce the behavior and increase the chances of behavior occurring. Behavioral belief that observable stimuli in the environment causes organisms to act in a particular way. This theory is related to Freudian theory and is basically employed in both form of advertisement in this paper. The anxiety of people is capitalized by most of the TV broadcasting station and when sense of hearing ar e longing to continue with their favorite programme there is a break for adverts to be made. For website it happens when a client visits a certain website and before it opens there are some adverts that pops there. In both cases advertisers capitalizes the behavioral theory in concepts of anxiety.Cognitive theory This theories emphasizes mental processes in development such as logic and memory. Piagel proposed that each of us begin life with a small repertoire of sensory and motor scheme such as looking , tasting, touching and hearing we use each scheme becomes better adapted to the world. We possess mental scheme as well and most developed in childhood and adolescence. Mental schemes allows us to use symbols and thinking logically. Cognitive theory is much employed in advertising and much in TV and website advert. Advertisers have to use the logic while advertising in abide to capture the attention of the clients or audience. In cognitive theory, the audience are not passive l earners and the audience development has to be taken in to consideration before advert is made as shown by Freudian theory.Comparison Both covers extensive variety of group of onlookers over any demographic dissimilar to other type of showcasing like magazinesThey both covers all accelerate of gathering of people particularly channels like BBC and CNN although their group of onlookers needs to comprehend the dialect utilized as a part of show. ContrastFor television adverts there are those one planned for adult individuals and they are brought when certain system is broadcast. For Website anybody can get to the advert despite the fact that they were not anticipate for that age.My recommendation is that there the installment made to each advert in TV and site ought to be publicized possibly in a hebdomad or a month to make individuals have boldness to promote with them. The correspondence commission of each nation ought to meet up and draft the formula to be followed in making adverts that will reach anybody on the globe.ReferencesFarmer, W. (2001). 5. In Latent trait theory analysis of changes in item response anchors closing report (2nd ed., Vol. 2, p. 95). Washington, D.C. U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Aviation Medicine .Gardener, L. (1972). Theories in phsychology of business. In Attitude and motivational in languages learning (1st ed., Vol. 1, p. 211). Rowley Newbury house.Kandoyan, N. (2002). Theories in phsychology of business. In A study of performance efficiency in public and private sector organizations (1st ed., Vol. 2, p. 47). Baltimore John Hopkin University press.Laban, J. (2003). Phychology of thoughts. In Phsychology of customer in business (1st ed., Vol. 1, p. 37). Newyork Jameson publisher.Martin, S. (1990). Business and people. In learned optimism (1st ed., Vol. 1, p. 101). Newyork.Maslow, A., Hoffman, E. (1996). Future visions The unpublished papers of Abraham Maslow. Thousand Oaks Sage Pu blications.Maslow, A. (1999). Maslows theory. In Toward a psychology of being (3rd ed., Vol. 2, p. 120). New York J. Wiley Sons.Orlando, F., Orlando, F. (1978). Freudian theory. In Toward a Freudian theory of literature With an analysis of Racines Phedre (1st ed., Vol. 1, p. 143). Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press.Source document

The Process of Buying Your First Car Essay Example for Free

The Process of Buying Your First machine EssayThe Process in Buying Your First Car The process of buying a brand red-hot motorcar can be a thrilling and exhilarating experience. Whether you are the first time car buyer flavor for a reliable car to get you around town or a seasoned car buying expert, having the most up to date information and advice on the car buying process can be a definite advantage. Before you start looking to buy a car there are some things you lead need to come to a decision on, such as, how much you can afford, whether to buy a new or used one and whether to pay cash or finance. First, you will need to reconcile what makes and models you are interested in, than do as much query on that type of auto as you can. Read reviews, consumer reports, ask your colleagues and friends, compare the optional equipment on each car, gather torpedo consumption data on the make and model youre interested in. Examine the reliability ratings. Try to determine the maint enance costs and upkeep. Next, make a list of what you are looking for in a car.You should decide what color, appearance, style, vehicle type such as an SUV, sedan, or coupe. Choose whether an automatic or a manual transmission. What kind of gas mileage, the number of passenger seating, how much storage capacity? What is the reliability rating and what safety features are included with the auto. Then you should write down what it is you need in a car. Write the needs down first and then write down what you want. You can then prioritize your list by rank of importance.You should decide how much you are willing to pay for the car and do not deviate from it in any way. Decide whether youre going to buy from a dealership, a private owner, or from an auction. Whether you have a trade-in, pay cash or finance? This can influence how much you are willing to pay. This could be what determines whether you buy a new or used, economy or luxury auto. Then narrow down your prospects to just a few to choose from. This will help you when you start looking for which dealerships to go to or advertisements to look at.

Experiences and Suppression of Intrusive Thoughts

Experiences and Suppression of Intrusive ThoughtsA Mixed Methods Research on the Experience and Suppression of Intrusive Thoughts and early(a) ways of Thought-Control in the Non-Clinical Mauritian Adult PopulationThe mind is its own place, and in itself can make heaven of Hell, a hell of heaven. Milton The experience and suppression of prying thoughts, and the use of former(a) thought-control strategies by ordination or non-clinical individuals, atomic number 18 some of those complex cognitive phenomena, which are gradually gaining increasing thorough scientific attention in the beingness of Psychology. Significantly Wegner Pennebaker (1993) view the experience of prying thought as a remarkably common clinical and normative phenomenon. Hence, it would be wise to underline that officious thoughts occur universally. Indeed query on inquisitive thoughts always accompanies research on thought control especially thought suppression.DefinitionBecause intrusive opinion is studi ed alongside manifold psychological disorders such as obsessional-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Post-Traumatic-Stress Disorder (PTSD), General-Anxiety Disorder (GAD), depression, phobias, eating disorders and even Substance-Use disorder, there are terminus ad quem to be major oddments in the definition of the term intrusive thought. Notably Clark and Purdon (1995 Purdon Clark, 1999) underlined the construct validity problems of some measures utilised in studies about intrusive thoughts in non-clinical populations just because of the broad definitional problem of the term. These researchers call for also suggested that both the cognitive characteristics (intrusiveness, thought-control difficulty) and the content of intrusive thoughts have to be considered while defining them. For the purposes of this research, which focuses on the experience and suppression of intrusive thoughts, and the use of other thought-control strategies by the non-clinical Mauritian bighearted population, w e would preferably agree with Rachmans definition of intrusive thoughts as cognitions that are spontaneous, disruptive, and difficult to control and unwanted (Rachman, 1981). Similarly, Clark Rhyno (2005,p.4) define the experience of intrusive thought as any distinct, identifiable cognitive event that is unwanted, unintended, and recurrent. The focus of this research is on negative intrusive thoughts which are unwelcome, involuntary and sad. People generally approach these negative thoughts in a myriad of ways. Our next point is that throng have different coping or appraisal styles in their approach to unwanted negative thoughts. Many people try to control their intrusive thoughts using different thought control strategies which reflect their appraisal styles. Appraisal is the way in which sum is attached to intrusive thoughts (OCCWG,1997). It cannot be denied that when some negative intrusive thoughts interfere with concentration and emotional equilibrium, they become unpleasa nt and distressing and some people try to banish these thoughts from their awareness. Notably, Sigmund Freud (1915,1957) explained the role of suppression and repression that keep unwanted, unpleasant and distressing thoughts out of awareness. The modern view, as supported by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association APA, 2000) uses the concepts automatic (unconscious) and voluntary (conscious) processes to refer to the Freudian defence mechanisms repression and suppression. Ever since Wegner et al (1987) started their White Bear experiments in an attempt to study suppression of intrusive thoughts, many other studies have been gradually carried out, which exemplify thought suppression as an inadequate, counterproductive mental control strategy (Beevers et al, 1999 Bodenhausen Macrae, 1996 Monteith et al, 1998a Purdon Clark 1999 Wegner 1989, 1992 Wegner et al 1994a Wegner Wenzlaff 1996). Significant studies have also ana lysed other thought-control strategies like distraction, punishment, re-appraisal, worry and mixer control in an attempt to understand how individuals approach their intrusive thoughts (Wells Davies, 1994).Aim of ResearchThe primary aim of this study is to review the research done on the experience and suppression of intrusive thoughts in the popular population and analyse the experience and suppression of intrusive thoughts in the mean(prenominal) or non-clinical Mauritian adult population, by shedding light specialally on the different thought-control strategies employed by normal people while coping with intrusive thoughts and most significantly, by analysing suppression as a maladaptive control strategy.Clinical Approach to Intrusive Thoughts and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)Initial research on intrusive thoughts started with the analysis of the experience of intrusive thought in the clinical context and it has verily been observed that intrusive thoughts characteriz e several clinical disorders, for example, GAD, OCD, Depression, PTSD (Brewin, 1998 Green, 2003 Langlois, Freeston, Ladouceur, 2000a,b Pudon, 1999 Watkins, 2004). It has also been stated that as well as being symptoms of these disorders, intrusive thoughts also contribute to the maintenance of these disorders (Brett Ostroff, 1985 Brewin, Watson, McCarthy, Hyman Dayson, 1998). There is indubitably a significant relationship amid intrusive thinking and OCD. The DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association APA, 2000) refers to recurrent, intrusive thoughts, images or impulses that are experienced as ego-dystonic (totally inconsistent with the self) and extremely distressing, as partly characterizing OCD. More specifically, many researchers have scrutinized the experience of intrusive thoughts among OCD patients and have demonstrated that these patients feel compelled to perform compulsive rituals (for instance, neutralizing behaviours etc.) in an attempt to escape from the distressing i ntrusive thoughts. For them, the performance of these rituals is aimed at the reduction of solicitude and the prevention of a feared outcome from occurring. However these compulsive rituals incr informality intrusive thinking and therefore, maintain the disorder. Notably, research has demonstrated that OCD patients show deficiencies in cognitive inhibition and when they fail to suppress their thoughts, they make internal attributions of their suppression failures (Tolin et al., 2002).The Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group (2005) have denoted the relationship of OCD with several specific appraisal styles such as responsibility/overestimated threat, intolerance of uncertainty/perfectionism and importance/control of thoughts. In his cognitive model of OCD, Salkovskis underlines the centrality of responsibility. Rachman (1997) argues that as these intrusive thoughts are ego-dystonic (that is, they dead contrast what the self really wants),OCD patients often interpret these thoughts as having personal negative significance and having potentially severe consequences and predicting undesirable outcomes. Furthermore, emphasizing the importance of metacognitions (that is, thinking about thoughts), Wells, G leaveiam and Cartwright-Hatton (2001) elucidate the role of thought-fusion beliefs in the maintenance of the disorder. More concisely, these are thought-event fusion (the belief that thoughts can change the course of events) thought-action fusion (the belief that thinking about something means a possibility to act on the thought) and thought-object fusion (the belief that thoughts can be fused into objects). Responsibility beliefs and thought-action fusion beliefs are stronger in people with OCD than those without (Coles, Mennin Heimberg, 2001). Additionally recent cognitive-behavioural theories about OCD have assumed that obsessive thoughts have their roots in some of the thoughts currently experienced by normal individuals (Pudon Clark, 1999 Salkovsk is, 1985, 1989). Intrusive thoughts in non-clinical population Ever since Rachman and de Silva (1978) scientifically found that intrusive thoughts are a common non-clinical phenomenon, a plethora of research, especially questionnaire studies have tried to replicate Rachman and de Silvas research. Using the questionnaire of Rachman and de Silva, Salkovskis and Harrison (1984) confirmed that 88% of a sample of non-clinical individuals experienced at least one intrusive thought. Additionally, correspond to several other studies, around 79-99% of people in non-clinical samples experience intrusive thoughts similar in nature to those experienced by people suffering from OCD (Freeston, Ladouceur, Thibodeau Gagnon, 1991 Julien, OConnor Aaredma, 2009 Rachman de Silva, 1978 Salkovskis Harrison, 1984). The real prevalence of intrusive thoughts in non-clinical populations is likely to be on the higher ends of these estimates, as research participants may have underreported their experienc e of intrusive thoughts payable to embarrassment, hesitation and shame. Moreover Pudon and Clark (1993) and Belloch, Morillo, Lucero, Cabedo, and Carrio (2004) also found that 99% of their non-clinical samples (n=293, n=336 respectively) reported having experienced at least one intrusive thought listed in the Obsessive Intrusions Inventory (OII/ROII). But it should be underlined that these researchers also found a slight difference in contents of intrusive thoughts experienced by OCD patients and non-clinical samples. OCD patients reported thoughts of dirt, indisposition and contamination among others. However normal people mainly reported thoughts of unacceptable sex, harm to self, aggression towards others and accidents amongst others. But it might be that the normal people do not consider thoughts about disease, dirt and contamination distressing, thus they are underreported. A Severity Continuum from Normality to Clinical ObsessionsThe intrusive thoughts reported by normal ind ividuals are considered the normal analogues to clinical obsessions and their study allows for better comprehension of the nature of intrusive thoughts. Instead of the normalcy versus psychopathology breakdown, the modern view discusses the continuity from normality to clinical obsessions. Clark elaborates more on this continuum of intrusive thoughts, by placing clinical obsessions at the extreme end, stating that the difference between clinical and non-clinical cognitive intrusions is one of degree, rather than anatomy(Clark,2005, p.11).Similarly Rachman and de Silva (1978) denote a similarity between the content of intrusive thoughts experienced by normal people and people with OCD. The researchers even ask that psychologists and psychiatrists, who only have the knowledge about the content of the thoughts, have difficulty distinguishing between clinical and non-clinical obsessions. However the same researchers identified a quantitative difference between normal intrusions and cl inical obsessions. The difference lies in the intensity and frequency with which these thoughts are experienced. Other studies highlight differences in other variable quantitys such as the associated unpleasantness and the take aim of anxiety occasioned by obsessions, the difficulty in controlling them or freeing the mind from the thoughts, the extent to which people perform neutralizing behaviours or rituals to reduce discomfort and ease anxiety, and the ultimate consequences that result from these intrusive thoughts, because clinical intrusive thoughts interfere remarkably with the daily functioning and life of people suffering from them (Oltmanns Gibbs, 1995 Parkinson ranchman, 1981 Rachman de Silva,1978 Salkovskis Harrison, 1984). Freeston and Ladouceur ( 1997) found that among all the other variables, unpleasantness associated with intrusive thoughts is immensely clinically significant because the assessment of this variable can provide insight to therapists on whether cl inical change has occurred or not. Hence this variable can be used to assess therapeutic effectiveness.Theoretical Explanations of Intrusive ThinkingVarious theorists have attempted to approach intrusive thinking in manifold ways using different approaches like the biological, psychodynamic, behavioural and cognitive approaches. A full discussion of all the approaches is beyond the scope of this thesis. Hence, our analysis will focus on the cognitive and metacognitive approaches.If intrusive thinking is initially a normal phenomenon, then why does it develop into obsessive thinking in a minority? Research has underlined the role of cognitive and behavioural variables in the transition from normality to pathology (Clark Purdon, 1993 Freeston et al, 1991,1992 Niler Beck, 1989 OCCWG, 1997 Purdon Clark, 1994a, 1994b Rachman,1993). More concisely, cognitive variables are related to the evaluative process (cognitive appraisal) and meaning that an individual attach to his or her negativ e thought. In clinical cases the meaning assigned to intrusive thoughts might be immensely threatening and disturbing. The behavioural variables are related to the covert and overt actions that the individual performs in response to his or her negative thoughts in an attempt to feel better by decreasing anxiety and discomfort. Salkovskis (1989) highlights the neutralising responses to intrusive thoughts as the key element in the ultimate development of obsessions. Hence the contents of normal intrusions and clinical obsessions are basically similar its only the mental and behavioural processing of the negative thoughts that put them on either end of the continuum. Rachmans (1997) Cognitive Theory of Obsessions According to Rachman (1978), the transformation of normal intrusions into clinical obsessions occurs when the individual considers his thoughts as catastrophic and threatening by viewing them as being personally significant. In an attempt to explain the origins of intrusive th oughts, Rachman (1978) argues that photograph to stressful events occasions the occurrence of intrusive thoughts. Rachman and de Silva (1978) further highlight that external cues trigger the occurrence of normal intrusive thoughts (characterized as being little intense and less distressing) and even clinical obsessions (characterized as being more intense and distressing). This view gained support by the experimental research carried out by Horowitz (1985), Horowitz and Becker (1971), and Horowitz, Becker, Moslowitz and Rashid (1975) which summarized that patients and non- patients experienced increased intrusive thoughts when they were exposed to stressful films. A Metacognitive Approach Metacognitions refer to the beliefs and knowledge about thinking and also the strategies used in the regulation and control of thinking processes (Flavell, 1979). Indeed, metacognitions are responsible for the shaping of the attention we pay to things, thoughts and so on, and they also determine the appraisal and the strategies we employ to regulate our thoughts. Adrian Wells (1997) developed the metacognitive therapy by positing that people experience emotional disturbance, distress and anxiety because of the Cognitive Attentional Syndrome (CAS) which consists of the perseverative thinking style including worry, rumination, attention focused on threat, thought suppression, unproductive self-regulating strategies and maladaptive coping behaviours. The CAS is a maladaptive style of responding to thoughts and feelings and it enhances negative emotions and the occurrence of intrusive thoughts. The author highlights the presence of a higher degree of this syndrome in clinical patients suffering from depression and other anxiety disorders. He also differentiates between the object mode and metacognitive mode of mental processing.

Automated Protocol to Restrict Password Guessing Attacks

Automated Protocol to Restrict Password expect AttacksABSTRACT Password login services atomic turn 18 nary(prenominal) widespread and ever increasing. Attacks that take place on parole-only remote login services be brute force and dictionary attack. Providing convenient login for true substance ab drug user.In the proposed system we use Password Guessing Resistant Protocol (PGRP) which improves more(prenominal) security measure by restricting the progeny of assays. PGRP allows a high number of failed attempts from known forges. PGRP uses either cookies or IP yelles, or both(prenominal) for tracking legitimate users. Tracking users done their IP addresses also allows PGRP to increase the number of ATTs for battle cry surmisal attacks and meanwhile to decrease the number of ATTs for legitimate login attempts.Key Words Online news guessing attacks, brute force attacks, password dictionary, ATTs.1. INTRODUCTIONOnline password guessing attacks are the most commonly ob served against blade applications SSH logins. SANS report observed that password guessing attack is the top cyber security risk. SSH servers that doesnt allow almost standard password au thentication suffer the guessing attacks. Online attacks have some disadvantages compared to offline attacks i.e., the attacking railroad cars must use an effective interactive communications protocol which allows a easier detection of malicious attacks.Malicious attackers try only limited no. of password guesses from a single machine being that note is being locked or before being challenged to answer an ATT. An attacker bequeath employ a large number of machines to avoid locking out. Generally users pack weak passwords. As malicious attackers control large bot nets online attacks became much easier.Restricting the no. of failed trails without ATTs to a very elfin number is the effective defense system that butt end be used against automatise online password guessing attacks. Also limiti ng automated programs(or bots) used by attackers for password guesses for a targeted measure, even many different machine from a bot net are used. This method inconveniences offers a legitimate user to answer an ATT on next login attempt after the malicious attackers guesses.Other techniques deployed in practice includesEven though from a given machine when a certain number of failed attempts occur,it allows login attempts without ATTs from a different machine. After a certain time-out period, it allows more attempts without ATTs and also time-limited account lockinMany existing techniques proposals involve ATTs, assuming that the challenges provided by the ATTs are difficult for botseasy for people(legitimate users). Users are increasing disliking ATTs and feels it as an unnecessary free step. Successful attacks are being made which break ATTs without human solvers. ATTs that are to be more difficult.As a consequence, present-day ATTs are becoming more difficult for human users . Therefore, we focus more on reducing user inconvenience by challenging users with fewer ATTs and at the same time subjecting bot logins to more ATTs, to drive up economic cost to attackers.Two well-known proposals using ATTs to limit online guessing attacks are Pinkas and Sander (PS protocol) and Van Oorschot and Stubblebine (VS protocol). The PS proposal subjects the ATTs. The VS proposal reduces this but a significant cost to usability.. The PGRP is being developed by using both PS VS proposals.On the other side, PGRP allows high number of failed attempts from known machines without answering any ATTs. Known machines are defined as those from which successful login has occurred all over a frosty time period. These known machines are identified by their IP addresses which are saved on the login server as tweed list or else in the cookies stored on client. Both the white listed IP address and client cookie expire after a time-period.In both graphical user interface(e.g., web web browser-based logins) character-based interface(e.g.,SSH logins) PGRP can be accommodated). Both PS and VS proposals, requires the use of browser cookies. PGRP uses either cookies or IP address or both for tracking legitimate users. PGRP increases the number of ATTs for password guessing by tracking users through their IP address also to decrease the number of ATTs for legitimate login attempts.In recent years, the trend of logging in to online account through multiple personal devices (e.g., PC, laptops,smartphones ) is growing. When used from home environment, these devices often share a single IP address which makes IP-based history tracking more user friendly than cookies.2. Related workFrom the early days of the internet the online password guessing attacks have been known to everyone. Account locking is a chemical mechanism which prevents a malicious attacker from multiple passwords particular username.Although account locking is temporary remedy, an attacker can mount a DOS (denial of service) in some amount of time for a particular username can be done by delaying server response after receiving user credentials, whether the password is worsen or nonsensical.However, for an attacker with access to a botnet, this above mechanism is ineffective. Prevention techniques that depend on requesting the user machine to perform extra computations before replying to the dischargeed credentials are not effective with such adversaries.To prevent the automated programs (brute force dictionary attacks) ATT challenges are used in some protocols.PS presented a login protocol which challenges ATTs to protect against online password guessing attacks. PS protocol reduces the number of ATTs that authorized users must correctly answer, so that a user with a reasonable browser cookie will be rarely asked to answer an ATT.A deterministic work out AskATT() of the entered user credentials is used to decide whether to ask the user an ATT or not. To improve the secur ity features of the PS protocol, Van Oorschot stubblebine defined a modified protocol in which ATTs are always required, once the no. of failed login attempts for a particular username exceeds a threshold.For both PS and VS protocols, the function AskATT() requires a careful design, because the known function attack of poor design of this function AskATT() makes the login protocol vulnerable to attacks and also change password attack.Because of these attacks, the authors proposed a secure non-deterministic keyed hash function as AskATT() so that each username is associated with one key that changes whenever the corresponding password is changed. This proposed function requires extra server-side storage per username atleast one cryptographic hash operation per login attempt.2.2 FunctionsPGRP uses the quest functions. They are1.Read Credential.It shows a login prompt to the user and it returns the entered user name and password and also the cookie received from the users browser.2. Login CorrectIf the provided user name-password is valid, the function return true otherwise it returns false.3. Grant AccessThis function sends the cookies to the users browser and then gives the permission to access the specified user account.4. MessageIt displays the text message.5. ATT ChallengeThis function challenges the user with an ATT. If the answer is correct, it returns pass otherwise, it returns fails7. ValidThis function checks the severity of the cookie and it is considered invalid in the following casesThe cookie username doesnt match with the login username.The expired time of the cookie.The cookie counter is equal to or greater than K1. This function returns true only when a valid cookie is received.3. Cookies versus Source IP addressesPGRP keeps track of user machines from which successful logins have been initiated previously. If the login server offers a web-based interface, for this purpose choose a browser cookies as a good choice.The login server unable to i dentify the user in all cases, if the user uses multiple browser or more than one OS on the same machine. Cookies may also be deleted by users, or automatically enabled by the most modern browsers.Cookie theft(eg., through session hijacking)might enable an adversary to impersonate a user who has been successfully authenticated in the past. In addition cookies requires a browser interface.A user machine can be identified by the sourceIP address. To trace users depending on sourceIP address may result in inaccurate identification. This can be done because of assorted reasons including.1) The same machine might be assigned different IP addresses.2) A group of machines might be represented by a small number or a single internet-addressable IP address if NAT mechanism is in place.Drawbacks of identifying a user by means of either a browser cookie or a source IP address include3) Failing to identify a machine from which the user has authenticated successfully in the past.4) Wrongly iden tifying a machine the user has not authenticated before.Case 1) Decreases usability since the user might be asked to answer an ATT challenge for both correct and incorrect login credentials.Case 2) Affects security since some users/attackers may not be asked to answer an ATT challenge even though they have not logged in successfully from those machines in the past.However, the probability of launching a dictionary or brute force attack from these machines appears to be low. Therefore, we choose to use both browser cookies and source IP address in PGRP to minimize user inconvenience during login process.3.1. Decision function for requesting ATTsThe decision to challenge the user with an ATT depends on two factors1) Whether the user has authenticated successfully from the machine previously.2) The total number of failed login attempts for a specified useraccountFig. 2.Secure but inconvenient login protocol3.4.1Username-Password Pair Is ValidAfter entering a correct username-password twin. In the following cases the user will not be asked to answer an ATT challenge.1. A valid cookie is received from the user machine and the number of failed login attempts from the user machines IP address for that username, FSsrcIP,un, is less than k1 over a time period determined by t3.2. The user machines IP address is in the whitelist W and the number of failed login attempts from this IP address for that username, FSsrcIP,un, is less than k1 over a time period determined by t3.3.The number of failed login attempts from any ,machine for that username, FTun, is below a threshold k2 over a time period determined by t23.4.2Username-Password Pair Is InvalidAfter entering a incorrect username-password pair. In the following cases the user will not be asked to answer an ATT challenge.A valid cookie is received from the user machine and the number of failed login attempts from the user machines IP address for that username, FSsrcIP,un, is less than k1 over a time period determined b y t3.The user machines IP address is in the whitelist W and the number of failed login attempts from this IP address for that username, FSsrcIP,un, is less than k1 over a time period determined by t3.The username is valid and the number of failed login attempts for that username, FTun, is below a threshold k2 over a time period determined by t2.4 System ResourcesNo lists are maintained in the PS protocol because of this there is no extra memory overhead on the login server. In VS protocol only FT is maintained. In PGRP, three tables must be maintained. First, the white list, W is expected to grow linearly with the number of users. W contains a list ofsource IP address, usernamepairs that have been successfully authenticated in the last t1 units of time. Second, the number of entries in FT increase by one whenever a remote host makes a failed login attempt using a valid user name, if entry is added to FS only when a validuser name, password pair is provided from an IP address not use d before for this user name. Therefore, the number of entries in FS is proportional to the number of IP addresses legitimate users successfully authenticated from.4.1Background On Previous ATT Based Protocols Pinkas and Sander introduced the topic based upon a strawman login protocol that requires answering an ATT challenge first before entering the user name, passwordpair. If the user falling to answer the ATT correctly prevents the user from exercise further. Thisprotocol requires the adversary to pass an ATT challenge for each password guessing attempt.Simple protocol is effective against online dictionary attacks assuming that the used ATTs are secure, legitimate users must also pass an ATT challenge for every login attempt. Therefore, this protocol affects user convenience and requires the login server to generate an ATT challenge for every login attempt.Pinkas and Sander proposed a new protocol that reduces the number of ATTs for legitimate users are required to pass. This pr otocol stores a browser cookie on the machine of users who had previously logged in successfully. Once the user requests the login server URL, the users browser sense the cookie back to the server. The protocol then requests the user to enter a user name, password pair. If the pair is correct and a valid cookie is received from the browser then the protocol gives permission to access the account. If the pair is correct but no valid cookie is received, then an ATT challenge must be answered before account access is granted.Otherwise, if the pair is incorrect then according to a function AskATT(), an ATT challenge might be required before informing the user that the pair is incorrect. With this protocol, legitimate user must passATTs in the following cases1) When the user logs in from a machine for the first time.2) When the users pair is incorrect and AskATT() triggers an ATT.For each password guessing attempt an automated program needs to correctly answer ATT except in one case i.e. ,when the username, password pair is incorrect and a function AskATT() didnt request an ATT. Van oorschot and stubblebine proposed modifications to the previous protocol which stores failed logins per username to impose ATT challenges after exceeding a configurable threshold of failures. Hence, for an incorrect username, passwordpair, the decision to request an ATT not only depends on the function AskATT() but also on the number of failed login attempts for the username.After entering correct credentials in the absence of a valid cookie, the user is asked whether the machine in use is trustworthy and if the user uses it regularly .The cookie is stored in the users machine only if the user responds yes to the question. This approach aims to reduce the possibility of cookie theft since a negative answer is expected if the user was from a public machine .The user account is set be in non-owner mode for a specified time window when a login is successful without receiving a valid cookie from the user machine otherwise the account is set to owner mode.

Types Of EC Transactions Used By Dell

Types Of EC Transactions Used By dellB2B transaction is an e- work duty between two descentes/companies such as manufacturers and suppliers or wholesalers. This is the type of e-commerce which takes care of relationships among businesses. This type of e-commerce is nowrecognized as the E-commerce segment with major /the biggest potential. The B2B market has two primary components e-frastructure and e-markets. E-frastructure is the architecture of B2B, primarily consisting of the by-linedell provides business to business (B2B) proceedings which helps to low procurement be of an organization. Within a B2B transaction, you faeces shop online from within your Enterprise Resource supplying (ERP) procurement application and return the contents of your shopping session back to your ERP system electronically. No longer are you required to enter duplicate study in order to purchase. The electronic requisition thunder mug now be routed through your standard ERP work flow where it ca n be approved electronically. Once this electronic requisition is approved, it can become an electronic purchase order and be transmitted instantly to dingle. These orders flow directly into dells manufacturing system where your orders are built immediately, preservation you hours or days in processing metre. This brings you the latest technology at the quickest pace.dell defines B2B Integration as server-to-server communication over the lucre incorporate both systems and business processes to dramatically transform the way we conduct business with our quitners, suppliers, and customers. By electronically integrating these processes, we non only benefit in process efficiency and knowledge accuracy, we excessively increase our ability to respond and interact with each member of a business relationship.Dells has two objectives with its B2B integration initiativeTo quick integrate with customers who are cap fitting todayTo help customers build a B2B solution for rapid deploym ent and connectivityDell has built a solution that extends its existing Internet infrastructure and E-Commerce capability to easily integrate with any customer who supports open, industry document standards of XML (such as cXML based on Ariba, xCBL based on Commerce One) and EDI. This allows Dell to provide the kindred customized catalog close to customers use today with Premier Pages, and integrate this dynamic commerce functionality into their internal procurement systems.If a customer is not currently capable of integrating their procurement systems and processes with their suppliers, Dell can provide the necessary hardware, software, and consultation to help build and deploy a solution that not only connects the customer to Dell, but one that can to connect to even early(a) suppliers or customers.BenefitsBetter align Dell with customer procurement processes rilievo the purchasing process and reduce errors by eliminating duplicate data entry center costs for clients by elimina ting paper purchase order/fax processesReduce customer cycle times for ordering approval and paymentProcess controls for shoppers versus buyersB2CBusiness-to-consumer (B2C, sometimes as well as called Business-to-Customer) transaction is when businesses such as companies and retailers serve their products and run to undivided consumers directly. This transaction can be done online by consumers using shopping carts in the website.It is the earliest form of electronic commerce and the givingst after B2B transaction form. By enhancing customer access to information and make it easier to customers to knock a competitive and economical price for some products and services, B2C can decrease transactions costs.Moreover, constructing and maintaining a website costs much less than installing a brick-and-mortar structure for a firm therefore, B2C e-commerce also reduces market entry obstructions.Its origins can be traced to online retailing (or e-tailing).13 Thus, the much(prenominal) car park B2C business agencyls are the online retailing companies such as Amazon.com, Drugstore.com, Beyond.com, Barnes and Noble and ToysRus.In the case of information goods, B2C e-commerce is even more attractive because it saves firms from factoring in the additional cost of a physical distribution network. Moreover, for countries with a growing and robust Internet population, delivering information goods becomes increasingly feasible.B2B2CBusiness-to-Business-to-Consumer e-commerce (B2B2C) It is when a business sells products and services to client businesses. The business provides products and services to client businesses to maintain its take customers. This can be when a business provides products and services to agencies, which are considered as business partners, sell it to customers. (Efraim Turban, electronic Commerce, 2006)Dell uses e-procurement services and offers it to its agents who purchase the products. Customers visiting the agents website volition find a lin k which connects the user to Dells website. After that when the customer buys a product, the agent receives a commission which is a shareage of the price of the product bought by the customer.B2GShort for business-to-government, B2G is the exchange of services and products from one company to a government agency. Business-to-government e-commerce is generally draw as commerce between companies and parts of a countrys economy which is controlled or supported financially by the government.B2G e-commerce form indicates a large market potential since the humankind orbit plays an important role in establishing e-commerce, also, to make the procurement system effective, the public sector need the public sector has the greatest need for making its procurement system more effectiveBusiness-to-Government e-commerce (B2G) is a type of transactions where the government buys information, products, or services from businesses. (Electronic Commerce, Efraim Turban, 2006)Dell sells its product s and services to governments. It provides a separate section called public sector in its website which serves several divisions within a government. The company offers special products and services to government divisions and areas supported by government such as aver government, Local government, Federal government, Higher education and Healthcare. Government agencies can buy the offered products and services from the companys website online and the delivery service is provided by Dell.http//www.dell.com/content/segmenter.aspx//pub?c=uscs=2684l=ens=pubck=mnB2EE CollaborationCollaborative commerce should help companies forge long-term relationships while reducing the costs of cooperation, says Lisa Williams, an analyst at The Yankee multitude in Boston. For example, a Web server hub could substitute for distributed collectionware for jointly managing projects such as constructing a building. Instead of all the partners purchase the same groupware product, theyll all near sign on to the Web site, she says.But while collaborative commerce has the potential to be the next big trend in partneringits just get down to take shape, says Stan Lepeak, an analyst at Meta Group Inc. in Stamford, Conn.http//www.computerworld.com/s/article/46547/Collaborative_CommerceCollaborative CommerceIn todays global commerce environment, the need for accurate, standards-based information is sarcastic for conducting business efficiently. By standardizing the way information is communicated, and by having all trading partners accessing the same information, the opportunity for errors decreases dramatically, costs are reduced, and supply chains operate more efficiently.http//barcodes.gs1us.org/dnn_bcec/Solutions/CollaborativeCommerce/tabid/195/Default.aspxCollaborative commerce is a technology that enhances a companys communications with its business partners electronically. It enables companies and organizations to share information between each other, includingCoolaborative com merce helps/provides companies and organizations a variety of benefits and opportunities by reducing service costs, Key business issuesDecreased service costsFaster cycle timesIncreased customer gaietyStreamlined trading operationsEnhanced flexibility and responsivenessRapid, reliable fulfillmentImproved planning through better system visibilityIn a collaborative environment, organizations and individuals can work together, share sensitive information, protect their privacy, and collaborate on activities and projects efficiently and effectively.Dell provides support forums for users and customers to refer in order to gain information from experts who bought Dell products and services. In this way, customers will be able to know how to buy and which product or service they should choose. It will also avoid buying products and returning it to Dell if it was not suitable due to the lack of knowledge. (http//en.community.dell.com/support-forums/default.aspx)Collaborative commerce (or c-commerce) can be regarded as the next evolutionary step beyond the more radical process of electronic commerce (or e-commerce). It is an emerging area that is based on interactions enabled by Internet technology.The business models used by DellEC business models can differ depending on the industry and the companys strategy. According to Weill and Vital methodology/framework (2001), there are eight elementary e-commerce business models combines to createOnline accept sellingonline direct marketing is very inexpensive, especially as postage rates continue to raise. With a little effort, it can also generate nice responses to be equally successful. Generally, online direct marketing focuses on creating communication between you and your customers, giving you the opportunity to target specific customers with relevant promotions.Read more How to Be Successful in Online Direct Marketing eHow.com http//www.ehow.com/how_2103036_be-successful-online-direct-marketing.htmlixzz1AqFb2CsV 1- Online Direct MarketingIt means selling products and services online directly to customers. This E-business model reduces costs and makes the distribution/dispersion of procurements more efficient, where sales are direct from the manufacturer or retailers to customers without processing through/using agents and physical stores.Dell offers e-procurement service to customers and businesses willing to buy products or services from the company. It allows buyers to browse, buy and order stocks through the Dell website which offers to buyers a chance to take on their staff for any guide. In premier B2B another more developed form of e-procurement authorized users of British Airways staff are provided with e-procurement tools to be able to access the intranet service and request for a product or order stocks from Dell Company. (Electronic Commerce, Efraim Turban, 2006)Electronic Tendering SystemsE-tendering is used for large-value purchases which are usually made by large organization s or public organizations. Conducting such a tendering online through Dells website will consume less time and money. Government agencies use e-tendering in most of their procurement to buy products and services efficiently. E-tendering can be applied on B2C business transaction as substantially as B2B transaction.In this way, Dell can become more popular and gain more customers to the company. Also many government agencies recommend tendering in most of their e-procurements.(Electronic Commerce, Efraim Turban, 2006)Dell established an e-procurement model to share it with business partners, such as British Airways. Electronic Tendering help them in requesting for bids when buying from sellers. Dell uses e-tendering in buying large quantities of components for their products. In this case, Dell will be to save more money when buying products through tendering.(Electronic Commerce, Efraim Turban, 2006) harmonise MarketingAffiliate marketingAffiliate marketing is an internet-based mar keting where an arrangement is made between the company and a marketing partner which is refered/called run , . The separate will place/display an online advert of the company on his website by placing a banner ad or the companys logo or its link. A commission will be given to the affiliate partner every time a customer visits/refers to the selling companys website or makes a transaction/purchase through the advertisement placed in the affiliate website.the publisher (also known as the affiliate)It is a pay-for-performance model which means if an affiliate does not generate sales, it represents no cost to the merchantThose methods include organic research engine optimization, paid search engine marketing, e-mail marketing, and in some sense display advertising. On the other hand, affiliates sometimes use less Jewish-Orthodox techniques, such as publishing reviews of products or services offered by a partner.Dell appoints affiliate partners to link their websites to Dell website (dell.com). This partner receives 2 to 4 percent of the price of the product sold, if the buyer used the link of Dell website at the partners website. (Electronic Commerce, Efraim Turban, 2006)Online AuctionsOnline auctions are sales transactions conducted online where shoppers make bids for products and the highest bidder wins the auction and gets the product delivered to him. The participants could be consumers, retailers or companies.The functionality of buying and selling in an auction format is made possible through auction software which regulates the various processes involved.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_auction_business_modelDell auction has re unsandeded Dells computers and other products at dellauction.com. Whereas the online auction is important sales channel in 2006, Dell has opened physical stores, mostly in reaction to customer demands. (Electronic Commerce, Efrim Turban, 2006)Viral MarketingDell has support forums in its website where buyers and users can refer to g ain knowledge and information about Dell products. Customers of Dell who bought products and services will be able to help those who do not know what to buy, as they can make use of their experience from what they bought. In this way, Dell can gain more customers by encouraging their customers to inform others about Dell products in the forum. Also loyalty can be gained from customers by Dell when they find specific and accurate information is provided. (http//en.community.dell.com/support-forums/default.aspx)Supply Chain wayE-supply chain managemente-supply chain management is a joint technology used- to improve the processes of B2B transaction along with improving agility, speed, strong time control and customer satisfaction. ViDells WebsiteDells suppliersThe customersE-customer serviceMass customizationDell IT has successfully implemented this solution for Dells Americas, Brazil,Europe, and Asia Pacific/Japan regions. By using the same processes fordisaster recovery, backup, an d monitoring across all Dell operations, Dell IT hasachieved a cost-effective and readily supported deployment model.January 2007 Page 5 Dell Enterprise engine room CenterThis article describes in depth how Dell IT made the transition from proprietaryUnix-based servers to running mission critical supply chain managementapplications on Dells own hardware. The problem being solved by thesedatabase applications is described in detail in Section 3. The old solution and theDell-on-Dell solution are described in Section 4 and Section 5. Finally, measuredperformance improvements are shown in Section 6.Dells Supply Chain ManagementThe sheer piece of transactions and pieces of information that the supply chainmanagement system needs to handle is impressive. Each of the corecomponents of the supply chain management (SCM) system are severely usedand relied on to keep Dells operations running smoothly.Configuration Management The Configuration Management system managesover 1 cardinal Dell p art numbers across approximately 200 product families, andover 2 million Bills of Materials (BOMs) per year. BOMs listing component partnumbers are created for manufacturing to build assemblies and sub-assembliesto green groceries Dells products.Procurement The Procurement system manages nearly 1.8 million PurchaseOrder lines per year, from more than 5,000 suppliers worldwide. To streamlinethe procurement process Dell uses an automated application which includesworkflow approvals and vendor communication, and provides for services suchas defective part warranty replacement.Cost The Cost component of the system runs mostly in batch mode to calculatethe costs to Dell for all Bills of Materials. These batch jobs run weekly, monthlyand quarterly, with each run rolling up total material costs.Inventory surrounded by all sites there are more than 3 million inventory movementsdaily from stock rooms to the factory floor. A corresponding 3 million messagesare transmitted to various systems for reporting, analysis and factory scheduling.Accounts Payable Accounts Payable handles approximately 15,000 items perday including payments to Dell suppliers, invoices and receipts. Vendorinformation includes number, location, negotiated terms and contact information.On top of these order-related transactions, there are several batch process jobsthat need to be run to rollup data every week, month or quarter. The longest ofthese, the end-of-quarter (EOQ) rollup, took 31 hours under the Unix-basedsolution.In Dells Americas region the SCM Oracle database application consists ofapproximately 3,000 database objects (functions, packages, procedures,triggers, tables, and views). The same SCM system is also supported by 6 DellPowerEdge 2650 application servers, 5 internally developed web-basedapplications, more than 50 system-to-system integrations, approximately 125batch jobs, and about 500 user interfaces deployed to support the entire SCMapplication.Dells Supply Chain Management (SCM) System allows customers to make their own orders. This feature involves the customer directly and cuts down costs for Dell salesmen salaries at the same time. Furthermore, Dells SCM system allows customers to build up their own computer systems with all provided options. Thus, customers will be forced to review all the available options along with adding components and parts they might not live with thought of adding initially. When customers can review all of the possible options at their own pace, without direct sales pressure from a salesperson, Dells can benefit from additional component sales. Dell is also striving on establishing good communication and better customer service. The company now is providing easy access to support through its web site. Customers can find answers to frequent/common problems without the need of Dells technical assistants which helps the company to reduce its payroll costs. Dell also provides other opportunities like online chat, email and phone t o make it easier for customers to contact the companys customer service for enquiries and to solve problems that are not mentioned in the website. Dell uses chat groups and users groups to keep customers involved with the company, which help to retain customers for future components sales from fulfill customers.Dell has established a web site that provides wide information options for its customers. In order to make it easier to its customers, The company has splitted the home page into a number of main customer groups1- Home Home Office,2- Small Business,3- Medium and Large Business and4- Government, Education Healthcare. (Dells Website Flowchart I made illustrates this perfectly.)In each group, customers will find particular products and services that are suitable to their usage. Classifying the website shows that Dell realizes each customer groups needs and saves consumers time by displaying the products and services that concern them only. Dell also devoted a particular divis ion for customer service and support on its website, which shows the companys high priority to customer satisfaction. Dell has provided Service Support group and its duplicated in all customer group pages. Dell makes it possible for the customer to do a significant amount of research on their own. The website contains a large deal of information that will prognosticate their needs and answer most of their enquiries and questions. Dells customer support and service field is greater than its competition in equivalence to other companies (Dell.com).Recommendation Industry advisory firm, Technology Business Research (TBR), issued a report on support satisfaction among corporate buyers and has indicated that Dells satisfaction ratings have slipped to 80.98, down from 83.4 in the third quarter of 2003. TBR questions buyers on eight aspects of support, including their overall satisfaction with a companys support service, and assigns each one a weighted place for a total of 100 possible points. Although Dell still topped rivals HP and IBM in the TBR survey, its score was the lowest seen since the research firm began tracking Dells satisfaction levels in the first quarter of 2001. According to the TBR report, IBM outscored Dell in the fourth quarter of 2003 based on product design/features and long-term durability. From polling customers that have switched from Dell to IBM, customers stated that their reasons for changing companies were product performance, pricing and support. Although Dell has maintained its strong drawing cardship position in the fourth quarter of 2003, Dell needs to address their customer loyalty and keep customers from changing companies. As a result of these polls, Dell is working toward reversing the declining customer satisfaction trend and to return to the industry leader in the area of customer service. Dell is aware that the PC business is becoming increasingly commoditized, marked by similarly equipped machines and price erosion. By cut ting out the middleman, Dell believes it has established a closer relationship with its customers. One way to stand out from the crowd is to appeal to existing and new customers by offering better service and support than competitors (4Q03). Although US consumers have condemned Dell in some fields, Dell is still doing extremely well in other countries. According to Technology Business Research (TBR) reports report in September 2003, the France Customer Satisfaction Study determined Dell is the No. 1 ranked desktop and notebook vendor in France and is tied No. 1 server vendor. Dell was significantly ranked higher than other vendors within most notebook categories in loyalty and satisfaction. Moreover, customers in France consider that Dell provides excellent long-term durability hardware. Dells General Manager in France, Thierry Labbe stated These results, and young strong market share gains in France, show this is starting to pay off. We will however, constantly drive value up and prices down, and focus on providing a great customer experience, giving customers plenty of reason to continue choosing Dell (Customer Satisfaction in France).

The Scarlet Ibis :: essays research papers

The Scarlet Ibis     Brotherhood can either be "the secernate or quality of being a brother, oran association of men united in a common interest, work, etc., as a fraternity."That statement says that somebody really does not need to have another sibling tobe a brother. Friends can act like brothers, or people in a fraternity can bebrothers. I am in DeMolay and all the other members are considered my brothers.We all work together to accomplish things, and we never let people down.Brothers are people who get along with other people.     In "The Scarlet Ibis," Doodle refers to his older brother quite often.The remarks he makes helps show that spousal relationship is the main theme of the story.When Doodle was up on the loft looking at a casket, his brother explained to himthat the casket was made for him, Doodle. His brother told Doodle that he allow fornot help him down unless he fulfilles it. Doodle then said that he was not goingto touch it, and his brother told him that he will leave him by himself unlesshe touches it. Doodles next remark is, "Dont leave me Brother." That showshow Doodle loved his brother, and that he did not want to be separated from him.(By the way, Doodle does touch the casket). Another example is at the end ofthe story when Doodle and his brother were running to the house during athunderstorm. Doodles brother was far ahead and just let his brother behindlike he did not care about him. Doodles brother then hears Doodle scream,"Brother, Brother, dont leave me Dont leave me" Doodles brother kept onrunning until he became too tired to run. He stopped and waited for Doodle, butnobody came. He then ran back and found Doodle under a bush. Doodle was dead.This shows how selfish and mean Doodles brother was to Doodle.

Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

Lord of the Flies by William Golding is a novel thatrepresents company and its components in a tale ab let on achildren stranded on an island. Of the group at that place are twowho want to lead the boys for the distance of their stay, oneof which is Jack Merridew. Although he doesnt have anypower at the beginning of the novel, he took every chancehe had to try to dash the position of chief which he eventuallygot. He ruled with an iron fist, allowing no one to questionhim or his leadership. Jack represented the wanting for asingle, all powerful leader to guide the followers of societyusing any means he feels necessary. Golding grew up during a time when he was taught to debate that man was good at heart. Books like Tarzan, andCoral island showed him that it was indeed society that wasevil and that man was good at heart. These views weredemonstrated in more or less of his preliminary writing, but that changedafter his experiences in the war. After Golding returned fromWWII, he h ad a different view on man. He saw a lot ofaction and decease during his time with the navy, and thisinfluenced his beliefs on man quite drastically. The massdestruction and killing pushed him to think that man can beevil, selfish and power hungry. Jack spawned out of thesebeliefs. Jack was a very power hungry young boy. He liked to be incommand of things and when he wasnt, he tried to allothimself into that position. This desire for power was shownthroughout the novel, as was the fact that he loved attentionthat accompanied it. He loved to be the centre of attentionand would do anything to boost himself above other people.To make him more evil, he was not able to conceal any ofthese characteristics, he had to let them loose.Upon the arrival of the boys to the island Jack was retch in themiddle of a power struggle. Although the conflict was brief,there was still a very obvious confrontation between Jackand Ralph. Once the boys had assembled themselves therewas an election to see who was to be chief. Dispite the factthat Ralph was voted leader, the wanting to be in commandnever left Jack, not for a minute. He already had someleadership skills, being head choir boy at his old school, andfelt that he should be leader and continuously challengedRalph. Among several things they argued about, the most habitual was the debate over the fire.